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Division of Mollusks Sectional Library

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VOLUME XIII

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WILLIAM [ EC

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HARRIMAN ALASKA SERIES

VOLUME Xxlill

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

BY WILLIAM H. DALL

HYDROIDS

BY €; C. NUTTING

Uy wx : iy eae, SINGTON.

(PusiicaTion 2000)

CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1910

nS Inc I ‘1944 DIVISION Ur Wil

ADVERTISEMENT.

The publication of the series of volumes on the Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899, heretofore pri- vately printed, has been transferred to the Smithsonian Institution by Mrs. Edward H. Harriman, and the work will hereafter be known as the Harriman Alaska Series of the Smithsonian Institution.

The remainder of the edition of Volumes I to V, and VIII to XIII, as also Volumes VI and VII in preparation, together with any additional volumes that may hereafter appear, will bear special Smithsonian

title pages.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C., Juty, 1910

HARRIMAN ALASKA EXPEDITION WITH COOPERATION OF WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ALASKA

VOLUME XIII

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

BY WILLIAM H. DALL

HYDROIDS

BY: C.-C. NUTTING

NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1905

a a En oe 7 7 = = - : P c= oy : —_ ’ a e COPYRIGHT, 1905 BY ; Epwarp H. HARRIMAN * .* - Z _ a _ i ?. io hal ,

PREFACE

THE present volume comprises two papers: one on the Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of Alaska, by Dr. Wm. H. Dall; the other on the Hydroids of the Expedition, by Prof. C. C. Nutting. Dr. Dall’s paper has not been previously published ; Professor Nutting’s appeared in the Proceedings of the Wash- ington Academy of Sciences in May, 1901. The number of new Mollusks here described is twelve ; of new Hydroids twenty.

C. Hart Merriam, Liditor. WasHincTon, D. C., June 15, 1905.

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CONTENTS

PAGE PREFACE:....22- RRR ee ua thisis vienna teciccanmaocadares eases Reese Uaaiare to is List oF ILLUSTRATIONS. ........ Baas Aes eewiaranne nachoman estes Pere ix LAND AND FresH WaTeER Motuusks, BY WILLIAM H. DALL. General idiscussiomiand TeSUltSs. 25.50. c05 aceccadeesucs cuweweasoedewsice I Summary of distribution of fresh water species in Alaska and adjacent regions Et one cetsmaniagteesamaeen amass sece I Table of distribution of fresh water species according to drainage’ Systems NOW CXISHNOS.. 6.2... cene ve. csvoteweasen 4 Summary of distribution of land shells of Alaska and ad- JACEDE TEPIONS! aoe gosesesse: Wis Sead se see e see sede iene useee ae eects i Table of distribution of American land shells.............. 8S Summary of the mollusk fauna of northeastern Asia..... 9 Table of distribution of northeast Asiatic land and fresh water shells 32.20... Pan eget ena Oieesenisenasiesiaeineausates's 14 Conclusions in regard to the Alaskan fauna................ 15 Systematic catalogue of land and fresh water mollusks of North America north of the forty-ninth parallel .......... 19 BI DMO SPAPIY, <:anec sce cacinnssiess <deemsaceenineccuerwedesetsesecisncseieeene 147 Index, to cenera and! SPecies, ...52.cc..scuseeceeseessosvenseseeescoonee 157 Hyproins, sy C. C. Nutrine. Mir EO CU GE ORNs aa tetera site ato actos aise @ miec\o'e cia Stolalsteina sieloia cals’e e(ha'e cia Oden vie <= 175 Georraphic distr utiOn <. 5. scnemer-scnscecene cones ctecle sepieiaciieasa te 176 SVSLEMACLCICISCUSSION cern. cccc consent ecswecsusecmcauescaaeeeceescsratie 181 Bibliograpliyicr siaiecessssccsenususaies -anoscee ences cecteces aesaawietaeees 207 WAGE 09,0000 9) O89 0) 5, Ge eC ay Re OCR ENCE OCICOR TOC ene aco 235

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ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

I, II. Land and Fresh Water Mollusks

TEXT FIGURES

1-118. Land and Fresh Water Mollusks

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FACING PAGES

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LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF ALASKA AND ADJOINING REGIONS

NOTE

Tue following memoir has been prepared to bring together and modernize the data existing in the literature, and to combine it with the new material obtained by the Harriman Expedition and such as was accessible elsewhere from the same region. In order to accomplish this, and because of the uniformity of boreal faunas all round the northern hemisphere, it has been necessary to examine the entire boreal fauna of North America, Greenland, and the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia.

The material examined has been that collected by the Harri- man Expedition; that obtained by the writer during explora- tions in Alaska from 1865 to 1885, and now in the National Museum; collections from various collaborators of the Museum, members of the Navy, the Revenue Marine, and the Geological Survey of the United States; and certain material borrowed for examination from various sources. On the whole, though the collection is not remarkably large, it is probably the largest and most complete, for the region, ever brought together.

The text figures have been generously lent by the Smith- sonian Institution.

I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker, Dr. J. F. Whiteaves of the Dominion Geological Survey, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and numerous other correspondents, for advice and assistance ; and to the au- thorities of the U. S. Geological Survey, the Dominion Geolog- ical Survey, the Smithsonian Institution, and the U. S. National Museum, for facilities for study and access to collections, for all of which I am deeply grateful.

Wo. H. Datu.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., Sept. 17, 1904.

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LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF ALASKA AND ADJOINING REGIONS

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

GENERAL DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

THE first object of this work is to sum up the known mollus- can fauna of the land and fresh waters of Alaska. This has involved an examination, not only of the species obtained within the political boundaries of Alaska, but also those of the adjacent region to the west, east, and south. The result is that, for North America north of latitude 49° North, the work includes a sum- mary of our present knowledge of the mollusks, deduced in part from the literature and in larger part from material actually examined. To this is added a briefer examination of the mollusk fauna of the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia which has to some extent modified that of Alaska. As a whole the work may be regarded as forming a synoptic manual of the boreal land and fresh water mollusks of the western hemisphere.

I. SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER SPECIES IN ALASKA AND ADJACENT REGIONS.

It was thought best to tabulate the species of rivers and lakes according to the drainage systems in which they are found. Of course these systems are not geologically ancient, and it is even probable that some existing species of the Mississippi system were trapped by the changes of level which, according to Gen. G. K. Warren, U.S.A., secured, for the Red River of

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2 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

the North, part of the channels which earlier discharged into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Mississippi. It is probable, for the region under review, that the entire molluscan population was exterminated or driven south during the Glacial epoch, and that we now have to do with immigrants from the south whose distribution has taken place since that time.

In the following tables all doubtful species are omitted, so that the fauna tabulated, if not complete, is at least well estab- lished so far as it goes.

The following areas are represented in the successive columns of the table:

Asia.— This column indicates those species known also to inhabit the eastern portion of Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Chukchi Peninsula, together with the Commander Islands, which are obviously populated from the Asiatic shores.

Yukon. — This system includes the entire drainage basin of the Yukon and the tundra north of it, as well as the area drained by the Kuskokwim River, or all of Alaska north, northwest, and westward of the Alaskan Range, as well as the area behind the Coast Ranges and between them and the northward exten- sion of the Rocky Mountains, drained by the Yukon and its tributaries.

Alaska. — This system includes all of the Aleutian Islands, the area on the Alaska Peninsula and continent between the Coast Ranges and the Alaskan Range and the Pacific north of latitude 54°. This system and the following one are really continuous, the Alaskan being really only the north- westward extension of that here designated as the Pacific system.

Pacific. — This includes the coast drainage of British Colum- bia, the basins of the Fraser and Columbia rivers, the coastal part of the State of Washington, and the northern part of Idaho and Montana west of the Selkirk Range and its more southern equivalents in the Rocky Mountain region.

Mackenzie. — This vast system includes the basin drained by the Mackenzie River and its tributaries, covering northwest Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, the northwestern two thirds of Athabaska, and the Mackenzie district.

GENERAL DISCUSSION 3

Hudson Bay. — This system, the largest of all, comprises the entire area draining into Hudson Bay, including Keewatin, the southeastern corner of the Mackenzie district, eastern Atha- baska, the whole of Saskatchewan, the southeastern two thirds of Alberta, Assiniboia and Manitoba, the drainage area of the Red River of the North in the Dakotas and northeastern Minne- sota, all of Ontario, Quebec, and Ungava north and west of the ‘Height of Land.’

Canada.— This system comprises the drainage of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes south and east from the Height of Land, including the island of Anticosti.

Labrador. — This comprises the area draining into Ungava Bay and the Atlantic north of the Straits of Belle Isle and the Height of Land, being the Labrador coast and the northeastern part of the Ungava district of the Dominion of Canada.

A few species are noted from Greenland; when peculiar to Greenland, or found in Greenland and also on the continent, the species have been entered in the Labrador column but dis- tinguished by an asterisk.

The vast territories included in these drainage systems are, it is true, only partially and imperfectly explored for mollusks. Yet certain portions of them are tolerably well known, and the uniformity imposed on the fauna by its high northern position and unvaried conditions leads to the belief that while much is yet to be known in tracing out the details of distribution, little is to be expected in the way of absolutely new species, even from this immense territory still to be explored. It would be rash to conclude that nothing new remains to be found; but it certainly behooves us to be moderate in our expectations.

It is probable that new additions will be made from among the ranks of the smaller species, such as Corneocyclas (or Pi- sidium), Vertigo, and the more minute elrc‘de. Perhaps a considerable number of the more southern forms which are known to approach the boundary will eventually be found to pass beyond it; and other additions to the list will result from the more careful discrimination of similar or closely allied species.

4. LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

TABLE I. DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49°, ACCORDING TO THE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS NOW EXISTING.

Name of Species.

Asia. Yukon Alaska Pacific. Mackenzie. Hudson Bay. Canada Labrador.

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Physa lordi......... . Physaipropinquase-cessssescesseseseseseccsvese °

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GENERAL DISCUSSION

TABLE I.

SYSTEMS NOW EXISTING.—Condtinued.

DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH

Name of Species.

Asia.

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5

WATER SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49° ACCORDING TO THE DRAINAGE

Alaska.

Pacific.

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Hudson Bay.

Canada,

Labrador.

Physa ampullacea............. acbetchecctretee Physa hordacea .............

Aplexa hypnorum ... Ancylus rivularis ..... Ancylus parallelus Ancylus fragilis ...... Ancylus kootaniensis Goniobasis plicifera .... Amnicola limosa ..... Amnicola pallida..... Amnicola emarginata .... Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lyogyrus granum .......... Pomatiopsis lapidaria ...... Fluminicola nuttalliana....... Fluminicola virens ....... Valvata tricarinata... Valvata sincera..,. Valvata lewisi .......... Valvata var. helicoidea Valvata mergella....... Valvata virens ...... Campeloma decisum ... Lampsilis ventricosus. . Lampsilis luteolus ... Lampsilis borealis ... Lampsilis radiatus ... Lampsilis ligamentinus Lampsilis rectus .......... Lampsilis ellipsiformis. es Bampsilis @latus. .i:ccs..00cesessossesssssasesas GAM PSUIS/PTACIIS...c.ccsdsecsceccenseuensss sae Strophitus rugosus.... Anodonta beringiana, Anodonta oregonensis. Anodonta nuttalliana .... Anodonta wahlamatensis Anodonta marginata...... Anodonta implicata.. Anodonta grandis .... Anodonta kennicotti . Anodonta pepiniana . Anodonta kennerleyi. Gonidea angulata Anodontoides ferussacianus .. Symphynota costata.......... Symphynota complanata.... oes Margaritana margaritifera....................

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6 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

TABLE I, DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49°, ACCORDING TO THE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS NOW EXISTING.— Continued.

Name of Species.

Asia. Yukon. Alaska Pacific. Mackenzie Hudson Bay Canada, Labrador.

Margaritana var. falcata .........s00:eeeseres ° ° Unio complanatus ....... Quadrula plicata ... Quadrula undulata,, (Quadrula heros ....... Quadrula lachrymos Quadrula rubiginosa .... oes SpheexiWM SIMIMC es. secesawececsnesesesessese Spheeriumstriahinums.,...cc1ssssescssescnsnae fe) ° Spheerium solidulum.,,... Spheerium stramineum .,, Spherium rhomboideum. Spherium walkeri......... wes fo) Spheerium fabale ........ Spheerium occidentale,.........ccssecesecsess ° Spheerium patella ...........sssceesseeee teases fe) Spheerium emarginatum . 0 Spherium tumidum..... ae {e} Spheerium spokani.. Spherium raymondi.... Spherium partumeium Spherium jayanum ...........- Spheeriumitenve sree. cssseseeesieass b ° ° Spherium transversum ... Spheerium truncatum...... Spheerium lenticulum, Corneocyclas virginica... Corneocyclas idahoénsis . Corneocyclas scutellata.....

Corneocyclas zequilateralis ... Corneocyclas compressa ... Corneocyclas variabilis .. Corneocyclas abdita Corneocyclas ventricosa fe) Corneocyclas rotundata... Corneocyclas steenbuchi. Corneocyclas occidentalis.. Corneocyclas ultramontana Corneocyclas arctica ........ ae Gorneacyclasinivalisis:csas-dccacesssceseecree Corneocyclas glacialis ...........sssseseeeeees Corneocyclas pulchella .. es Corneocyclas henslowana ..,.,......+++es0++ o °

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GENERAL DISCUSSION 7

II. SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LAND SHELLS OF ALASKA AND ADJACENT REGIONS.

I have summarized the distribution of the fresh water shells by drainage areas, as perhaps the least objectionable method of connecting the facts of distribution. But the land shells require a somewhat different treatment, since their distribution has noth- ing to do with currents of water, though sometimes a snail may be carried in the spring freshets under the bark of a floating log, and by rare chance survive to be stranded by the falling waters somewhere down stream. A certain amount of move- ment of the minute forms may result from the distribution by high winds of dead leaves and other light material to which the smaller land shells are accustomed to adhere. Pieces of ice from smaller brooks carried by freshets may also convey a cer- tain distance and deposit, when stranded by falling water, pieces of bark or leaves containing snails or theireggs. Such chances are too rare to be made much account of, and doubtless the dis- tribution of our smaller snails is brought about in the main by the slow movement of individuals.

The Pulmonate fauna of Alaska is composed of four elements : contributions from the faunas of Asia, of the Pacific Coast of America, of the Canadian (or Hudsonian) region, and of the circumboreal or common subarctic fauna of the whole northern hemisphere.

In tabulating the distribution of the species a column may be reserved for each of these elements: the circumboreal column being headed‘ Europe.’ A column may be reserved for Green- land, and another for the approximate highest north latitude which the species is known to attain. This means for the snail not so much differences of temperature corresponding to latitude, as differences of period in activity, which diminish as one pro- ceeds northward. Snails at Point Barrow must remain in a state of hibernation at least nine months in the year, and I sus- pect that this more probably brings a limiting strain on the vitality of the organism than would the mere occurrence at times of a specially low temperature.

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

TABLE II. DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49°.

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Ftelixthortensissipussvasceeeseccescenasesecsess fo) ° 54°00’ Epiphragmophora fidelis . ° ° fo) 57 00 Zodgenites harpa.... fo) ° fo) fo) 66 00 Vallonia pulchella ° fo) fo) fo) 54 00 Vallonia costata...... fe) fo) ° 51 00 Vallonia gracilicosta .. ° 52 20 Wallonia jalbulat-tcs-ncesseessassousssssesss sss fe) ° 50 00 Valloniasasiatica,.-.cccss<csrecsnenceconsseeaas fo) ° ° 59 00 Polygyra devia......... ° 50 0O Polygyra columbiana...... ° ° 60 00 Polygyra townsendiana .. fo) 50 00 Polygyra germana ... fo) 49 00 Polygyra monodon.. ° 51 20 Polygyra albolabris ... fo) 53 00 Strobilops labyrinthica . ° 51 20 Bifidaria armifera ... ° 52 10 Bifidaria contracta... fe) 50 00 Bifidaria holzingeri . ° 52 10 Bifidaria pentodon... fo) 51 20 Pupilla blandi .... fo) 52 10 Pupilla muscorum ° ° fo) 59 00 Vertigo hoppii....... fo) ° 70 00 Vertigo modesta .... fe) fo) fe) fo) 63 00 Mertigojcolumbianas:cssseccesesssceunsacuenee fe) fe) 57 00 Mertigoicouldinc i scecccoccse evsesasceeesesses ° 51 00 Vertigo ventricosa... ° 51 25 Vertigo binneyana... ° fe) 50 00 Wertigosovata, icon. sseccceceseeses fe) ° ° fo) S7239 Wiertivovarctica ccc scsssscasseses ° ° ° 65 15 Cochlicopa lubrica....... ° ° ° ) ° 71 20 Circinaria vancouverensis ° ° 59 00 Circinaria var. chocolata.. ° SZ Roo Circinaria sportella ... ° ° 59 00 Circinaria var. hybrida, fo) ° 55 00 Vitrina angelice......... ° 72 00 Vitrina limpida ... ° 54 00 Watrinajalaskana geese scssssecatoesceceeseasess ° ° 57 30 Mitrea jradiatula.ii2-222 cs .cecsssceecessensees=s ° fo} ° ° ° 71 20 Vitrea nitidula.... ° o | 61 00 Vitrea binneyana. fe) fe) 50 00 Witreaindentata: 7.c0.c--ccccescosees o 50 00 Euconulus trochiformis .............0+6 ° ° ° fo) ° ° 70 00 Zonitoides nitidus ....... ° ° ° ° ° 61 oo Zonitoides arboreus... ° ° ° ° 61 00 Zonitoides randolphi .... ) 59 30 Zonitoides minusculus.. ° ° ° 59 90 Zonitoides milium ....... ° 50 00 Zonitoides pugetensis ° 49 00 Pristiloma lansingi.. ° 49 00 Pristiloma ‘stearnsill.<<...<cs-e--s0s<0<sssscees ° ° 59 30

GENERAL DISCUSSION

TABLE II. DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49°.—Continued.

Name of Species.

PLIStUOMa tay lOlkecsccsssecescersceenseceuscces Pristiloma ? arctica ... Agriolimax agrestis........ Agriolimax hyperboreus,. Agriolimax berendti....... Prophysaon andersoni....... Prophysaon var. pallidum .... Prophysaon var. pacificum.... Prophysaon humile .......... Ariolimax columbianus.... Pyramidula solitaria ...... Pyramidula striatella.... Pyramidula cronkhitei.. Pyramidula asteriscus ... Oreohelix strigosa ....... Oreohelix var. cooperi.. Helicodiscus lineatus..., Punctum pygmzum... Punctum clappi ....... Punctum conspectum.,... Sphyradium edentulum. Succinea oregonensis.... Succinea retusa ..... Succinea hawkinsi.. Succinea avara...........0 Succinea grénlandica ... Succinea grosvenori...... Succinea var. alaskana .. Succinea rusticana........ Succinea nuttalliana ..

Siphonaria thersites................ Onchidium boreale ................ Carychium exiguum ., ees Carychittm(exile:s-cccscscsesteccevsrcssacdescse

Asia.

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Ill. SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF NORTHEAST-

ERN ASIA,

The land shell fauna of the northeast extremity of Asia has little individuality, but represents a mingling of the depauper- ated extremes of the faunas of northeast China, and of Europe, with that series of species which is sometimes called the circum-

polar or circumboreal fauna.

10 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Much of the apparent poverty of the fauna may be due to insufficient collecting, but even when the most generous allow- ance for this factor is made, it still remains certain that the molluscan population is far less in variety than might reasonably be expected.

The Palearctic fauna of Europe appears to extend clear across northern Asia, losing a large proportion of its species on the way, until (if the circumboreal species be excluded) only about thirty species reach the headwaters of the Lena and the barrier of the Stanovoi Range. A very remarkable local fauna exists in the great ‘relicten-see’ of Siberia, Lake Baikal, but it does not appear to have tinctured the east Siberian fresh water fauna outside of that lake, to any appreciable extent. It is possible that the comparatively recent emergence of a large part of eastern Siberia from the sea, and the presence of the vast desert region to the south and west, may enter into the explanation of this sparse shell fauna, as well as of some of the peculiarities of the Baikal faunula.

Southeast of the Stanovoi Range we find between the moun- tains and the sea, the valley of the Amur and several smaller valleys, such as the drainage basins of the Ud and the Tugar. To the southwest the sources of the Amur emerge from the deserts of Gobi and Dauria, and along the line of these water courses has crept a certain number of molluscan forms inti- mately related to or identical with those of Mongolia, China, and the Orient. This forms the second element of the fauna of northeast Siberia. The number of purely endemic species is remarkably small, and a portion of those claimed to be of this character are probably mere local mutations of widespread Palearctic forms already known. Yet it would seem as if a more thorough exploration must add largely to the species now known, and it is almost incredible that the luxuriant fertile valleys of Kamchatka and the innumerable streams and lakes of that country should not be well populated with mollusks.

There are few species which seem to be common to the shores of Bering Sea, both Asiatic and American, such as Swccinea chrysis, Punctum conspectum and Anodonta beringiana. There

GENERAL DISCUSSION om

is one local species, Audota weyrichi, known only from Sak- halin Island;' and another, Helicigona subpersonaia, trom the valley of the Ud. Three forms of V2v/para (of which two are probably variants of Chinese forms) are the only local species of the vast Amur valley, or drainage, not known from other regions. Nine specially Kamchatkan species have been de- scribed, but about half of them are doubtfully distinct.

The total number of land and fresh water mollusks known from the Amurland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Chukchi Penin- sula, and the Asiatic coast north of the Amur and east of the Stanovoi Range, is only eighty-two.

Of these, thirteen are circumboreal species and twelve are supposed to be locally peculiar. The remainder are distributed as follows :

Percent PMO Per and), WeSE) wi DELIarss.ccasscsccvseccercsacvesseessctsoscacdeverserecacs-o= 55 Northeast China <.....0::.sccssscccscessescascecesssvesescsovessessecessenessacsoes 22 (COMMOMELOLAMENICA Ns ssccecers conscecenscosucessaesaesesenrsshceresersnessseese 13 BIER EL GES DOCICE seessenesas abacus esacesmusesnst cargos eens gener esescsgascenctcussess 10

Of these erratic species a few may be especially mentioned. Margaritana margaritifera, as is well known, is absent from the whole of the great northern central region of North America, though it appears in the lower Saskatchewan, the sources of the Missouri, and in eastern Canada, while on the Pacific it ascends at least to latitude 56° N. In eastern Asia it is known from Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island, the upper portion of the Amur basin, and southern Mongolia, but I find no authoritative record of it thence westward to northern and middle Europe. Schrenck did not find it on the lower Amur.

Physa fontinalis is reported from the upper Amur and (in a duck’s crop) the desert of Dauria, but is not known from Siberia proper, though common in Europe. There is an entire absence of typical Physa throughout east Siberia, so far as reported: and only one species of Ancylus or Unio is known from east of the Yenisei River of Siberia.

1JIn a recent paper Hugh Fulton describes Eulota fllexibilis and E. (Euhadra) Jiscina n. sp. as ‘‘ probably’ from Sakhalin Island; but this seems to me very doubtful when we consider the size of these shells and the fact that the warmest part of Sakhalin has a mean annual temperature of only 33.4° F. and for six months of the year the mean is below the freezing point. The shells are more probably from Yesso.

12 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Aplexa hypnorum is known from northern Europe, western Siberia, and the Chukchi Peninsula, but has not been reported from eastern Siberia, or the Amur, though abundant in Alaska, and reaching on the Taimyr Peninsula to 73° 30’ north latitude.

Zodgenites harpa is known from northern Scandinavia in Europe; from northeastern America, the Hudson Bay territory and Southeastern Alaska, in America; but in Siberia it is re- corded only from the easternmost margin, the Chukchi Penin- sula, Bering Island, Kamchatka and the lower Amur. These singularities of distribution must await much more extended knowledge before they can be adequately discussed, but it is believed that to some extent they are due to the transgression of the sea, or of glacial ice, over part of the area in which a species might naturally be expected to occur, thus delaying the occupation of the entire region by the species concerned.

In the following table the distribution is indicated by the headings of the six columns. Varieties are not included when the typical form appears in the table.

Column ‘ Eur.’ includes those forms recorded as found in Eu- rope, including the whole of European Russia and the Caucasus.

Column ‘ Lena’ includes the drainage of the Lena and the whole of Siberia from the Lena westward to the Ural Moun- tains. It should be noted that a number of species which reach the Lena from the west do not cross the Stanovoi Range.

Column ‘Amur’ includes the Amur drainage basin, the Island of Sakhalin, and the smaller drainage areas between the Amur and the Stanovoi Range.

Column ‘China’ includes those forms which, having their center of distribution in China or Japan, extend their range to the drainage basin of the Amur, though often reaching only the southern and eastern part of it.

Column ‘ Kam.’ indicates species belonging to the area in- cluded in the Kuril Islands, the Commander Islands, Kamchatka proper, the Chukchi Peninsula, and northeastern Siberia east of the Stanovoi Range and north of Aian.

Column ‘Am.’ includes those forms found in the Aleutian Islands, northern and northwest America, which also occur on the Asiatic side.

GENERAL DISCUSSION 13

The nomenclature is brought up to date as far as possible. The absence from the list of certain names which appear in the memoirs of Schrenck, Middendorff, and others, is only apparent ; they are really present under their revised names. I have accepted Simpson’s determination of the Naiades, and retain, for the variety of Undo pictorum which occurs in eastern Siberia, the early name adopted by Réssmassler from Ziegler’s MS., rather than the very recent one which has been proposed by Wester- lund. The list of Amurland mollusks in the Vega Expedition report includes several which belong only to the Lena province or western Siberia and do not occur on the Amur.

The material examined from which this and the preceding tables have been prepared, has been derived from several sources. The collections of the National Museum containing the boreal shells upon which the work of W. G. Binney was partly founded, have been of great help. I have also had the kind codperation of Dr. J. F. Whiteaves of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. My own collections from 1865 to 1899 in Kamchatka and Alaska have furnished much material. I have also had interesting collections from Messrs. Randolph, McGregor, Stoney, Hepburn, Arnheim, Krause, Palmer and others who have visited Alaska for pleasure or in the Government service. The collections actually made during the Harriman Expedition were more interesting than extensive, but have helped considerably, especially those due to the energy of Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of Seattle, while engaged in his entomological researches.

14 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS TABLE III. DISTRIBUTION OF NORTHEAST ASIATIC LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS. a a FI & hy ||) a=) : Name of Species. a | 8 g 2 k & Zoogenites arpa oa yss--e.sccssecacceensserscscersesscressres lo | fo) fo) ° Vallonia adela West......... fe) 20s) ° Vallonia pulchella Miiller ., oO) oso" | | ° Walloniatcostata:Miillerirs-cessccsseavscersrscuscenceraseines | ° Helicigona subpersonata Midd...............seeeeeeeeee ees fo) Hygromia hispida L.............. eee e|t 0 fo) ° Hygromia rufescens Penn.. ° fo) fo) Hygromia stuxbergi West . fo) ° Eulota arcasiana Crosse... 0; 50 Eulota maackii Gerstf....... ° fo) Eulota middendorffii Gerstf. o | o | Eulota ravida Benson ...... ogre | Eulota schrenckii Midd... fo) 0) | 10 ae) Eulota selskii Gerstf...... | o fo) Eulota weyrichii Schrenck.. | | Sak. | Pupilla muscorum L...... SOP nO o lo VertigovalpestrissAl dente. scccseceeneceescectusssccsacerace | oO ° ° Ou Mertigovarctica’ Walliccs2ssrcsr.cstsascersecctcuserscstoces or |G ° | Vertigo krauseana Reinh Dees 07 | 20, Vertigo borealis Morel...... 80 ° Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller....... Sees |) (Omm|mO: fo) On| HORA aC Vitrina exilis Morel ............ pOTROEOS | | 0 o Vitrina pellucida Miiller . Spauanace | <2) o | o Vitrea radiatula Alder.............. pase O fo) fo) fo) ° Euconulus trochiformis Montagu fo) ° ° fo) ° Zonitoides arboreus Say... 4 capanasdONSHNg ? fo) CoP} We) Limax agrestis L,.......... Ssosseese| 10 ° fo) fo) ° Limax hyperboreus West fo) ° ? fo) ° Arion hortensis Fer ....... Saeeete) ° ° Arioniater Wis) ctr. ecscscscssesecessssrssess-csssieeesonsiseeresioes fo) fo) fo) | Mncilaria’ bilineata, BensOns..srseqs.-ce-arseseveseseserences ° °o | Pyramidula ruderata Studer... fo) fe) ON |e Punctum conspectum Bland . | | | o fo) Punctum ? floccula Morel...... |} o | Sphyradium edentulum Drap. fo) ° OF 0: Succinea putris L. ............. fo) ° fo) °o } Succinea chrysis West . o | o Lymnea stagnalis L....... Alt ° fo) © | ° Lymneza peregra Miiller.. sebeceatcleteseczeoess| OF || 0) |/10 eon Lymneea auricularia L.. (Onn oun Om Om ORs Lymneea ovata Drap......... ° ° o | o o | 0 Lymnzea kamchatica Midd.... .| | i) LymnzeaspalustrisyMiillers (22.2 5.csesesecsescs-osssessesess> | o oy | Gy | | 0 ° bymnzattruncatulaMiilleriss.-.ccscse--c2scestaseeeacces ie) fo) o | | © fo) Planorbis limophilus West.... =| ONT OFy| | Planorbis nitidus Miiller ... at <2 fo) oO} | Planorbis contortus Miiller ... .| 0 fo) ° | | Planorbis carinatus Miiller ........ o | 0 o | Planorbis borealis (Lovén) West o ° ° | ° ° Planorbis kamchaticus West....... ° Planorbis méllendorffii Dyb... .| ° Planorbis albus Miiller ........ | o fo) ° fe) ° | te) oO

Physa fontinalis L

GENERAL DISCUSSION 15

TABLE III. DISTRIBUTION OF NORTHEAST ASIATIC LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS. — Continued.

eer ree [eet Bete lag

Name of Species. Ps} | & E & £ < Aplexa hypnorum L...,........scseseeeeeseeeeeneseseeeneeeees ix) ° ° ° Carychium minimum Miiller. eas Ow ° ° Siphonaria thersites Cpr.... as . ° ° Valvata cristata Miiller ...............000+ Bossi 1) ° fo) fo) Valvata piscinalis Miiller............. fo) fe) o ° Valvata sibirica Midd....... fo) Valvata stelleri Dybowski.. fo) Vivipara limnzoides Schr.. ° Vivipara prerosa Gerstf.... fo) ? Vivipara ussuriensis Gerstf. o ? Bythinia troscheli Paasch... ° ° Bythinia kickxii Westend... fo) ° fo) Bythinia striatula Benson... Scienencosa eons fo) fo) Melania cancellata Benson Biases eeseuaees ° ° Spherium corneum L....... Co) ° Sphzerium lacustre Miiller.. ° fe) ° ° Spheerium asiaticum Mts............:00sseeeees Sees ° ° ° Corneocyclas amnica Miiller...............2.0+ 1.0 fo) Corneocyclas abdita Hald.... fo) fo) Comeocyclas fontinalis Pfr ... fo) fo) fo) Corneocyclas zquilateralis Pr.. ° ° Corneocyclas sibirica Clessin, ° ° ° Cristaria herculea Midd..... ° ° Cristaria plicata Leach...... fo) fo) Anodonta beringiana Midd ° fo) fo) ° Anodontal woodiana: Weay. i. tccersscnerensosscscoeensehers co) ° Margaritana margaritifera L ...........cssssseceseeeseeenere ° fo) ° ° ° Unio pictorum L. var. longirostris Réssmissler........| © ° °

IV. CONCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO THE ALASKAN FAUNA.

The fauna of Alaska, so far as the land and fresh water shells considered in this paper enable us to judge, is composite. The mollusks are characteristic especially of two, and to a much smaller extent of two other, faunas. The former are limited by topographic features. Thus the fauna of boreal Canada, in constantly diminishing number of species, is extended to the northwest, north of the Alaskan Range to Bering Sea on the west and the Arctic Coast on the north.

In like manner the fauna of the northern part of the Pacific States is extended west of the ranges which in the north repre- sent the Rocky Mountains, and between them and the sea, northward into British Columbia and thence westward into Alaska, south of the Alaskan Range, until the last representa-

10 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

tives of the fauna disappear among the islands of the Aleutian chain. In British Columbia a few species belong to the valley region between the Rockies and the Cascade Mountains, and do not reach the sea coast, but these are too few to modify perceptibly the general rule, and as a matter of fact they, like the valleys themselves, soon disappear after crossing the 49th parallel.

Very much the same thing is true of the birds, as I was able to demonstrate some thirty five years ago; and even the marine mollusks of the Alaskan coast form a somewhat analogous assembly.

The other two faunas concerned are those (1) of Asia, or rather eastern Siberia, that part of Asia nearest to Alaska, and (2) the Holarctic or circumboreal group of species which are common to the entire boreal zone and characteristic of it, though rather few in number.

In referring to the Canadian fauna it will of course be clearly understood that the fauna of that part of Canada discussed in this paper and not the entire fauna of the whole Dominion is meant. With this reservation we may proceed to discuss the matter from the statistical point of view.

One hundred and forty seven species or strongly marked varieties are enumerated here from the Canadian region as above limited, and fifteen other forms are mentioned which though not known to cross the boundary yet in all proba- bility will eventually be found to do so. By reference to the preceding tables the extension of each species will be found recorded, and the particular localities as far as discov- erable are enumerated in the following text. Forty one spe- cies are known from the Alaskan extension of this fauna north of the Alaskan Mountains, or characteristic of that part of the territory. Half of these are circumboreal or Holarctic forms.

The fauna of British Columbia, or the British Columbian extension of what I many years ago designated the Oregon- ian fauna, comprises seventy five species, so far as known, to which in all probability should be added some thirty eight which are known to approach the parallel of 49° from the south and

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF

whica probably cross it, making a probable total British Colum- bian fauna of one hundred and thirteen forms. Considering the very small area occupied by this assembly, when compared with the vast expanse populated by the Canadian fauna, the number is notable. Doubtless in both cases future exploration will add a reasonable number not now enumerated or still undescribed by naturalists.

The contributions from the Columbian assembly to the fauna of Alaska south of the Alaskan and west of the Cascade Ranges comprise thirty five known and six probable species, a total of forty one forms probably inhabiting the area referred to. Some of these, however, are common to northern Alaska also, making the proper deduction for which we find sixty five species of land and fresh water mollusks known to inhabit the territory of Alaska, with six or seven more which are likely with further exploration to be credited to it in addition to those now known, even if no undescribed species turn up.

The vast unexplored areas, the uncertainties connected with lists of obsolete names and doubtful identifications, the doubt as to what may be considered specific limits in groups of noto- rious variability, and especially the frequent absence of specimens from which better deductions might have been drawn than were possible from the extant literature, have all contributed to the difficulties under which this memoir has been prepared. Those who have done work on similar lines will understand, and will view without undue severity, the imperfections which the author only too well realizes, and yet which it was out of his power, in the present state of our knowledge, to avoid. It is hoped, however, that this summary will make the path somewhat easier for those who follow him, and contribute a reasonable share to the better appreciation of the facts of Nature of which it treats. And if, among the hardy explorers of whom our neighbors of Canada are justly proud, this paper serves to stimulate an increased interest in the subject, the author will feel that his endeavors are amply repaid.

mh a o ‘ hs W if 7 ‘\ - ' : : , ‘ ~~ i =

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE REGION NORTH OF THE FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL.

The following annotated catalogue is intended to contain a list of all the species known to inhabit the designated region, with the addition of a few which approach the boundary so closely that it is highly probable that on further search their range will be found to cross it. Names of species belonging to the latter category are preceded by an asterisk.

It is intended that the synonymy which follows the name shall exhibit references to the original description of the species, to a good figure, and to the work in which the synonymy, if at all complicated, may be found most fully set forth. The syn- onymy of some of the genera mentioned seeming to be in great need of elucidation, an attempt has been made to clear it up. In other cases, where the work has elsewhere recently been done, the generic name and authority alone are cited. For the flelicide and associated forms I have depended upon the ar- rangement of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, the acknowledged master of the subject; and for the Naiades, in like manner, on the ‘Synopsis’ of Mr. Chas. T. Simpson. Some of the other groups I had previously worked up elsewhere, and have utilized the results in this catalogue.

After the synonymy it has been attempted to state the range of the species geographically, in general terms. This state- ment is followed by a citation of special localities within the designated region from which the species has been reported, and in those cases in which the writer has verified the report by the examination of specimens, the name of the locality is followed by an exclamation mark.

These data are exemplified or explained by notes following the details of geographical distribution in a separate paragraph.

The data in many cases have been taken from the literature, a bibliography of which concludes this paper; and it follows that the resent writer assumes no responsibility for the identifi-

(19)

20 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

cation of species so derived. Usually, however, there is no particular reason for doubting the accuracy of these identifica- tions. It has not seemed necessary, in most cases, to cite the authority for the locality, a course which would have unduly increased the bulk and diminished the clearness of the distribu- tional statement. The authority, as a rule, can easily be found by reference to the bibliography. In a few cases, however, it has seemed desirable to include in parentheses the authority for the locality cited, especially when the latter seemed unusual or debatable.

Family HELICIDZ.

Genus Helix (L.) Pilsbry.

Helix (Cepzea) hortensis Miiller.

Flelix hortensis MULLER, Verm. Terr. et Fluv., II, p. §2, 1774. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 181, figs. 317-320, 1869.

Helix subglobosa BINNEY, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist., 1, p. 485, pl. xv1, 1867.

Range.— Europe from Hungary to the Atlantic between middle Scandinavia and the Pyrenees, northeastern border of North America.

Labrador; Newfoundland; Anticosti Island! Barachois, Gaspé; Cape Breton Island!" Halifax ! Casco Bay, Maine! shore of Cape Ann and adjacent islets, Mass.! Nantucket Island! Pleistocene deposits near Portland, Maine!

A single specimen was once found in Greenland, but was doubtless imported accidentally. The prevalent type is light yellow, without or with only faint traces of bands. The former is Binney’s 77. swbg7obosa. The wide distribution of the species, often on un- inhabitable islets off a coast little frequented, and its presence, which I have verified, in the glacial Pleis- tocene of Maine, tend to confirm the view that it is a prehistoric immigrant if an immigrant at all.

Fic. 1. Helix I have seen most of the commoner varieties which

hortensis var. are prevalent in Europe, but it is obvious to the col- peewee Bin- lector that the brighter colored types with sharply aa define ddark bands form an insignificant proportion of the American specimens ; while the shells as a whole seem smaller than the average dimensions of European specimens.

1 The exclamation point indicates that specimens from this locality have been seen by me and verified as correctly identified.

FAMILY HELICID/£ 21

Helix (Arianta) arbustorum L. has been noted as an introduced species, at St. John, Newfoundland, just outside of our region, by

Whiteaves. Genus Epiphragmophora Doering.

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray.

Flelix fidelis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, p. 67 ; Conch. Cab., 2d ed., Mon. Hex, p. 321, pl. LVM, figs. 12, 13.

Helix nuttalliana Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 88, pl. xx1, fig. 74,

EE ahere fidelis PILSBRY, Class. Cat. N. Am. Landsh., p. 4, 1897.

Range. — Northern California to Sitka, Alaska.

Sumas Prairie, Fraser River valley, B. C. (common to 6,000 ft., J. K. Lord) ; Chilliwak Lake, B. C.; Victoria! Nanaimo! Comox! on Vancouver Island; Growler Cove, Broughton Strait; Union Bay ! False Bay, Lasqueti Id.; Malaspina Inlet; N. point Texada Island, British Columbia; Sitka, Alaska!

The Sitkan and Columbian specimens are apparently not markedly different from those collected further south, and pass through the same color variations. If there is any difference it is that the northern speci- mens are a little smaller and exhibit no tendency to pilosity. The two specimens obtained at Sitka were found near the Hot Springs. There is no evidence in regard to the distribution of the species north of Sitka, but it would not be surprising if it were eventually found to extend on the outer islands as far north as Cross Sound.

Genus Zoogenites Morse.

This group has been united with the Acanthinula of Beck, of which, it would seem, little is known but the shell, while we have, thanks to Morse, a very satisfactory account of our mollusk. I prefer therefore to defer any consolidation with Acanthinuda until it is shown to be necessary. The information to be had from Moquin Tandon in regard to Acanthinula aculeata is unsatisfactory and insufficient. Westerlund (1902) has proposed a genus Awdaca to contain both (prior) genera!

Zoogenites harpa Say.

Flelix harpa Say, Rep, Long's Exped., 1, p. 256, pl. xv, fig. 1, 1824; Bin- ney’s Say, p. 29, pl. LxxIv, fig. 1.

Pupa costulata MIGHELS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 187, 1844.

Bulimus harpa PFEIFFER, Conch. Cat., ed. 11, Bulimus, p. 305, pl. Lx, figs. 17-19.

flelix amurensis GERSTFELDT, Mém. des. Sav. étr., Ix, p. 517, pl. 1, figs. 26, a—c, 1859.

22 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Zoigenites harpa Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p 32, pl. 1, figs. 1-14, 1864; Am. Nat., 1, p. 608, figs. 50-51, 1868.

Acanthinula harpa Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 156, figs. 267-9, 1869 ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 28, p. 185, figs. 181-184, 1885.

Zobgenetes harpa auct. plur.

Range.— Northwestern Scandinavia, northeastern America, British America near Hudson Bay, Southeastern Alaska, and the easternmost margin of Siberia.

Konyam Bay, eastern Siberia; Avacha Bay, Kamchatka! Bering Island, Commander group; lower Amur River region. Klehini, Chil- kat Inlet and valley, Alaska; English River, Manitoba! Moose Factory ! Hudson Bay; Minnesota; Gaspé; New England; etc.

The peculiarities of the distribution of this curious little mollusk are referred to in the general discussion of the fauna of northeastern Asia.

Genus Vallonia Risso.

Vallonia Risso, Hist. Eur. Mér., Iv, p. 101, 1826; V. rosalia Risso, pl. 3, fig. 30, = Helix costata Miiller.

Zurama LEACH, Proofsheets, p. 108, 1819.—TuRTON, Man., p. 64, 1831; Gray's Turton, p. 141, 1840.—Lracu, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 77, 1852 ; fT. pulchella Miller.

Amplexis Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. xu1, figs. 75-79, 1827; 7. pulchella Miiller.

Amplexus BROWN, op. cit., 2d ed., p. 45, 1844.

Chilostoma (sp.) FITZINGER, Syst. Verz., p. 98, 1833.

Circinaria (sp.) BECK, Index Moll., p. 23, 1837.

Glaphyra ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 87, 1850.

Lucena Moquin TANbon, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, 1, pp. 98, 140, 1855; not of Oken, 1815, or Hartmann, 1821.

Vallonia pulchella Miiller.

Flelix pulchella MULLER, Verm. Terr., U, p. 30, 1774.—BINNEY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 375, pl. 1x, fig. 2, 1840.—W. G. Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 157 (ex parte), figs. 270-1, 1869.

Fic. 2. Vallonia pulchella, }.

Helix minuta Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 123, 1819.—MorsE, Am. Nat., I, p. 544, fig. 39, 1867.

Felix paludosa DaCosta, Brit. Conch., p. 59, 1778.

Vallonia minuta MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 21, figs. 54— 56, pl. vil, fig. 57, 1864.

FAMILY HELICID/& 23

Range. — Europe; North Africa, southern and western Siberia to the Amur; Madeira; the Azores; eastern North America from Manitoba to Florida and Montana to Nova Scotia.

Manitoba, at Winnipeg and Pembina; north to the Saskatchewan (Richardson). Introduced? in California.

Although Risso’s figure of V. rosa//a represents a perfectly smooth shell, his diagnosis calls for one with elevated lamelle ; it is probable therefore that he regarded the present species and V. costata as varie- ties of a single species.

Vallonia costata Miiller.

Helix costata MULLER, Verm. Terr., 1, p. 31, 1774. Flelix crenella MONTAGU, Test. Brit., 1, p. 441, pl. x1, fig. 3, 1804. Felix pulchella var. ROSSMASSLER, VI, p. 6, fig. 439, 1838.— FERUSSAC, Hist., pl. Lxrx E, figs. 15-17, 1821. Range. — With V. pulchella in Europe and Asia; in America in the northern States and northward from Kansas and Colorado. Manitoba (Hanham).

This species has been so constantly confused with the other costate

species and with V. pulchedla that it is hardly practicable to determine its true range from the literature.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinhardt.

Vallonia gracilicosta REINHARDT, Sitz. Ber. der Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Ber- lin, 1883, No. 3, p. 42. Little Missouri.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region, westward and northward from the upper Missouri.

Manitoba, at Winnipeg; in Alberta at Laggan. Red Deer Olds and McLeod.

Easily recognized by its very prominent, not crowded, very oblique lamellz.

Vallonia albula Sterki.

Vallonia albula STERKI, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, p. 263, pl. viuI, figs. D, 0; Nautilus, rx, p. 17, May, 1895. Range. — Eastern Canada to British Columbia. Quebec; Manitoba; Vancouver Island.

Vallonia asiatica Nevill.

Flelix costata var. asiatica NEVILL, Sci. Results 2d Yarkand Mission, p. 4,

No. 7, 1877. Vallonia asiatica REINHARDT, Sitz. Ber. der Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin,

1883, No. 3, p. 42. Range.— Central Asia, Tibet. Alaska.

24 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Pyramid Island, Lynn Canal, Alaska, fide Reinhardt.

This form, collected by Dr. Krause, was identified by Dr. Rein- hardt with Nevill’s species and is included here solely on his authority, as I have not seen specimens.

Genus Polygyra Say. Polygyra devia Gould.

felix devia GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 165, 1846.—BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 152, fig. 259, 1869. flelix baskervillet PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 130, 1849.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., Heé/éx, fig. 684, 1852. Polygyra devia Pitssry, Class. Cat. N. Am. Landsh., p. 11, 1897. Range. — Washington and Idaho, north into British Columbia.

Sumas Prairie, B. C.; Esquimalt, Vancouver Island.

Polygyra columbiana Lea.

Flelix columbiana Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 89, pl. xxuu, fig. 75, 1839.— Binney, Terr. Moll., 11, p. 169, pl. v, 1851.

Helix labiosa GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 165, 1846; Expl. Exp. Moll., p. 67, fig. 35, 1852.

Polygyra columbiana PiusBry, Class. Cat. N. Am. Landsh., p. 11, 1897.

Range. — Monterey Bay, California, to Yakutat Bay, Alaska, in the moist wooded region west of the Rocky Mountains.

Mountains of Idaho, western Montana and Washington; Vancouver Island at Victoria! Nanaimo and Nootka; British Columbia mainland on banks of Fraser River (Lord) and Skeena River! (Osgood) ; Har- bledown and Pender Islands, Johnstone Strait; Union Bay! Port Simpson; and Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands! B. C.; in Alaska at Cape Fox! Annette Island, Killisnoo, Sitka! Lynn Canal; Biorka Island! Chilkat valley! Lituya Bay ! Yakutat !

There are several varieties of this widespread and familiar species. First, the type, subconic rather elevated and small, with narrow re- flexed lip. Lea’s specimen was decorticated and showed no signs of the hairs with which the shell is usually covered, but this was accidental ; some specimens normally show hardly a trace of the hairs which are usually so conspicuous. The second variety, P. /adzosa Gould, is larger, more depressed relatively, with a broader, somewhat flexuous reflected lip. This form is more prevalent in the interior of Washing- ton, Idaho, etc., and more often has a parietal tooth or trace of a tooth. The variety saxtacruzensts is in form more like the type but much smaller, thin, lighter colored, with a sparser pelage, and about half the specimens have a trace of a parietal tooth, while in a lot of about seven hundred columébzana, from Sitka, I found only one specimen

FAMILY HELICID£ 25

which had any parietal tooth. The mountain forms from California, if not hybrids, are so very different from the hairy coast or lowland shells that one is tempted to regard them as distinct; they frequently are rough, hairless, with heavy lip and well marked parietal tooth. A young specimen of the typical form, collected near Yakutat Village by the Harriman Expedition, is reversed.

Some specimens of this and another species, both of which are con- fined to wooded regions so far as authentically known, were once sent me as from a point considerably north of Yakutat and from the tree- less region. Ido not believe these shells were correctly labelled, and hence have not included them in the list of localities. My own im- pression is that the extension northward of this species and Crrc‘naréa vancouverensts has been prevented by the wide stretch of glacial area just north and west from Yakutat Bay. I have searched for this species at Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, in suitable situa- tions, but without success.

Polygyra townsendiana Lea. Felix townsendiana LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 99, pl. xxrmI, fig. 80, 1839. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 164, fig. 285, 1869. Range.—Puget Sound region and south (to northern Califor- nia?). Seattle, Wash.; Lake Chilliwak and Sumas Prairie, British Columbia. Eastward from the moist coast region the following species oc- curs and is sometimes regarded as a depauperate form of P. fown- sendiana.

*Polygyra ptychophora Brown. y

Felix ptychophora A. D. Brown, Journ. de Conchyl., 3me Sér., x, p. 392, Oct., 1870.

Arionta townsendiana var. plychophora, BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 129, fig. 102, 1885.

Range.— Western Montana (at Deer Lodge) westward through northern Idaho to Spokane, Wash., and to The Dalles, in northern Oregon.

It is possible that this form may hereafter be found on the northern side of the boundary.

Polygyra germana Gould.

Helix germana GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exp., Moll., p. 70, fig. 40, a—c, 1852. Stenotrema germanum (GOULD) Binney, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 114, fig. 82, 1885.

Range.—Northern California, through the Puget Sound region to British Columbia.

26 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Astoria, Oregon! Victoria, Vancouver Island; Chilliwak Lake, British Columbia.

A variety megasoma, more than four times the size of the typical germana, but otherwise quite similar, is occasionally found; some from northern California (Stearns) are in the National Museum.

Polygyra monodon Rackett.

Felix monodon RACKETT, Trans. Linnean Soc., x11, p. 42, pl. v, fig. 2, 1822. — Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 151, figs. 12, 13, 1867. — BrinNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 120, figs. 200- 205, 1869.

- ; S Range.— Eastern United States, east of the plains 4813-0 OD region, from Texas to Minnesota and northward. gyra monodon Rackett. Moose Factory, James Bay !

Polygyra albolabris Say.

Helix albolabris Say, Nicholson's Encycl., 1st Am. ed., pl. 1, fig. 1, 1817 ; Am. Conch., 1, pl. x1, 1831. — Morse, Am. Nat., 1, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 1-11, 1867. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 136, figs. 229-232, 1869.

Range. — Eastern United States, from Georgia and Arkansas north- ward to the Saskatchewan.

Fics. 4-6. Polygyra albolabris Say, +.

Lake Superior region; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; and northward to the Saskatchewan River (Richardson).

FAMILY PUPIDZ 27

Family PUPIDZ. Genus Strobilops Pilsbry.

7. Animal from above. 8. ;. g. Showing internal lamelle.

Fics. 7-9. Strobilops labyrinthica (magnified).

Strobilops labyrinthica Say.

Felix labyrinthica Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 124, 1817. —MorseE, Am. Nat., 1, p. 145, figs. 41-42, 1867. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 84, figs. 150-154, 1869. Strobila labyrinthica MoRSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 26, figs. 64—- 67, pl. 11, fig. 12, a—d, pl. vim, fig. 68, 1864. Strobilops PILsBRyY, 1892, new name for Strobi/a Morse, 1864, not Sars, 1835. FRange.—Eastern United States, from Texas north- ward to British America.

Carberry, Manitoba; Moose Factory, James Bay !

Genus Bifidaria Sterki. Bifidaria armifera Say.

Pupa armifera Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 162, 1821.— GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 400, pl. 111, fig. 10, 1840. —BrnneEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 241, fig. 419, 1869.

Range.— The United States east of the Rocky

Mountains, and Canada.

Red Deer, Alberta; Brandon, Manitoba.

Fic. 10. Bifida- rta armifera

(magnified).

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Pupa contracta Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 374, 1822.—GouLp, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, p- 399, pl. 111, fig. 22, 1840. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 242, figs. 420-422, 1869.

y Range. — Eastern North America from Mexico Fic. 11. Bifid- Brish A : cihe Rocky M ne arta contracta *© Pritish ‘America, east of the Rocky Mountains. (magnified). Carberry, Manitoba.

28 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki.

Pupa holzingert STERKI, Nautilus, 111, No. 4, p. 37, Aug., 1889. — BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1x, No. 4, p. 193, fig., p. 194, 1890. Bifidaria holzingert PisBry, Class. Cat., p. 19, 1898.

Range. — Illinois and Kansas, northward to British America. Red River drift, Brandon, Manitoba; Red Deer, Alberta.

Bifidaria pentodon Say.

Vertigo pentodon SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 376, 1822.

Pupa pentodon GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 353, pl. xvi, figs. 10-11, 1843. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 236, figs. 405- 409, 1869.

Fic. 12. Bifidaria pentodon (magnified), showing variations in aperture.

Range.— Eastern United States from Texas to British America; southeastern Nevada, Quebec; Ontario; Manitoba (rare); Alberta, at Laggan.

Genus Pupilla (Leach) Turton.

Pupilla blandi Morse.

Pupilla blandi Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vu, p. 211, fig. 8, 1865.

Pupa blandi Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 235, fig. 402, 1869.

? Pupa signata WESTERLUND, 1885, not of Mousson.

Range.—Upper Missouri, Rocky Mountains ; New Mexico to Colorado; Canada; Red Deer, Alberta.

BAG., 13. (Pu $ s pilla blandi Pupa sitgnata was described from the Caucasus, (magnified). and its inclusion by Westerlund in a list of American

Arctic species is probably an oversight.

Pupilla muscorum Linné.

Turbo muscorum LINNE, Syst. Nat.,ed. x, p. 767, 1758; ed. XII, p. 1240, 1767. — HANLEY, Shells of Linn., p. 352, pl. Iv, fig. 6, 1855.

Pupa muscorum var. bigranata ROSSMASSLER, fide Westerlund.

Pupa badia ADAMS, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist., 111, p. 331, pl. 111, fig. 18, 1840.

Pupilla badia Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 37, figs. 89-91, pl. x, fig. 92, 1864.

Pupa muscorum var. lundstromt WWESTERLUND, Ges. Nat. zu Berlin, p. 36, Mar., 1883.

FAMILY PUPIDE 29

Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum Pitspry, Nautilus, x1, p. 118, Feb., 1898. Pupa sublubrica Aucey, fide Binney.

Range.— Europe. In America, New England and Canada; Anti- costi; the northern United States as far west as Montana, alpine

Fics. 14-16. Pxpilla muscorum, showing variations. Fig. 16 from a Euro- pean specimen. Fig. 14 from P. dadia Adams. Fig. 15 maximum armature of mouth. (All magnified.)

(8,000-9,000 feet) in Colorado, Utah and Nevada; northward in British America. Laggan, Alberta; Anuk, Alaska.

Genus Vertigo Miiller.

Vertigo hoppii Moller.

Pupa hoppi M6uLuER, Ind. Moll. Grénl., p. 4, 1842. — PFEIFFER, Conch. Cat., ed. 11, Pupa, p. 163, pl. x1x, figs. 29, 30, 1852. —TRyon, Ann. Journ. Conch., II, p. 303, pl. xv, fig. 3, 1867.

Pupa (Vertigo) hoppii M6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 30, pl. 1m, figs. 6-9, 1869.

Pupa steenbuchi Beck, Verz. Kiel., p. 76, 1847; omen nudum, fide Morch, op. cit.

Range.— Greenland (Ungava, Labrador ?).

The references to this species as found in Alberta and Anticosti are doubtless based ona different species, as is Binney’s figure on page 235 of the Land and Fresh Water Shells, part r.

Vertigo modesta Say.

Pupa modesta Say, Rep. Long's Exp., 1, p. 259, pl. Xv, fig. 5, 1824.

Pupa decora GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 263, fig., 1848.

Vertigo parietalis ANCEY ; P. corpulenta Morse, and V. castanea STERKI, fide Piispry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1900, pp. 597-602, pl. XXIII, figs. I-7, 1900.

30 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Range. — North America from New England to California and northward. Loess of lowa.

Ungava, Labrador! Lake Superior region; Laggan, Alberta; in British Columbia at Nanaimo and Victoria; in Alaska at Killisnoo, Chilkat and Chilkoot valleys, Pyramid Island, Portage Bay, Dyea, Klukwan, Point Romanof at the Yukon delta; St. George Island! St. Paul Island! Unalaska! Rooluk Island, Unalga Pass! Akutan Island! Popof Island, Shumagins! St. Paul, Kadiak Island! Orca, Prince William Sound! Yakutat Bay! Berg Inlet, Glacier Bay ! Muir Inlet !

This is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the north country. I have very little doubt that V. d0realis More- let, from Kamchatka and Bering Island, is merely a variety of this species.

Vertigo columbiana Sterki.

Vertigo columbiana (STERKI MS.) Prissry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1900, p. 602, pl. xxi, fig. 11, Sept., 1g00.

Range. — Douglas County, Oregon, and northward to Washington, Vancouver Island, and St. Paul Island, Bering Sea!

Resembles V. gouldéé but wants the basal fold. A variety occurs in Utah. The St. Paul specimen was identified by Dr. Sterki.

Vertigo gouldii Binney.

Pupa gouldii BINNEY, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 105, 1843 ; Terr. Moll., 11, p. 332, pl. LXXx1, fig. 2, 1851.

Fic. 17. Vertigo gouldit (magnified). Fic. 18. Vertigo bollestana (magnified).

Vertigo gouldii Morsr, Am. Nat., I, p. 669, fig. 60, 1868. — Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 38, fig. 95, pl. x, fig. 96, 1864.

Vertigo bollesiana Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vil, p. 209, figs. 4-6, 1865.

FAMILY PUPIDZ&® 31

Vertigo boliesiana var. arthuri VON MARTENS, Sitz-ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr, zu Berlin, 1882, No. 9, p. 140. Range. — Northern United States east of the Rocky Mountains and northward.

Ottawa, Ontario; Manitoba; Upper Missouri at Fort Berthold; Helena, Montana.

The variety erthur? is catalogued from Arctic America by an over-

sight, in Binney’s Third Supplement, p. 185. It is really from the Little Missouri in Dakota.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse.

Isthmia ventricosa Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist., vu, p. 1, figs. 1-3, 1865.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse, Am. Nat., 1, p. 966, figs. 61, 62, 1868.

Vertigo ventricosa elatior STERKI, Nautilus, XI, p. 120, Feb., 1898.

Vertigo gouldit lagganensts PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, for 1899, p. 314, fier:

Vertigo approximans STERKI, fide Pilsbry.

Range. — Quebec and Maine to Illinois and Alberta, Manitoba; variety edatzor at Laggan, Alberta.

Fic. 19. Vertigo ventricosa (magnified).

Vertigo binneyana Sterki.

Vertigo binneyana STERKI, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1890, p. 33; Nautilus, m1, p. 125, March, 1890.— PiisBry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 315, fig. 2; Nautilus, Iv, p. 39, pl. 1, fig. 1, Aug., 1890.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to Manitoba.

Seattle, Wash.; Helena, Montana; Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Fics. 20-22. Vertigo ovata, showing variations in teeth (see next page).

32 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

230 23¢

Fic. 23. Vertigo ovata, showing variations in teeth of aperture (all figures magnified).

Vertigo ovata Say.

Vertigo ovata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 375, 1822. — MorsE, Am. Nat., I, p. 668, figs. 57, 58, 1868. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 252, figs. 442-445, 1869 (syn. in part excl.).

Range. — Eastern United States from Maine to Texas, and north- ward. Mexico? Ungava Bay, Labrador! Victoria, British Columbia! St. Paul,

Kadiak Island! Alaska; Tigalda Island, Aleutian chain! Laggan,

Alberta; Manitoba.

Vertigo arctica Wallenberg.

Pupa arctica WALLENBERG, Mal. Blatt, v, pp. 32, 99, pl. I, figs. 3, a-c, 4, 1858. — REINHARDT, Sitz-ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. zu Berlin, No. 3, 1883, p. 38.

Range.— Lapland and northern Scandinavia, the mountains of Germany and the Tyrol; eastern Siberia at Emma Harbor, Plover Bay; Port Clarence on the American side of Bering Strait (Vega Expd.).

*Vertigo krauseana Reinhardt. Vertigo krauseana REINHARDT, Sitz-ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. zu Berlin, No. 3, 1883, p. 38. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., III, p. 131, 1887. Range.— Chukchi Peninsula of eastern Siberia; at Poot, St. Law- rence Bay, and Ratmanof Harbor. Alaska, at Chilkat Inlet ! Specimens of this species labeled Chilkat Inlet were received from Dr. Krause; but in the publications on this form only the Siberian habitats are given. I suspect some error has occurred in labeling, though it is entirely possible that the species may occur in Arctic America.

*Vertigo (Vertilla) milium Gould.

Pupa milium GOuLy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 402, pl. rt, fig. 23, 1840. Vertigo (Angustula) milium STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, pp. 377-8, pl. xLu, figs. 10, 13, 1888.

FAMILY ACHATINIDE 33

Vertigo ( Vertilla) milium PILsBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1900, p. 597. Range.— New England to Texas and Florida, west to Minnesota. Ontario, Canada. This minute species doubtless exists on the northern side of the boundary, though not yet reported

there. Fic. 24. Verti- go milium (mag- *Vertigo (Isthmia) pygm@a Draparnaud. nified).

Pupa pygm@a DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, p. 57, 1801; Hist. Moll. Terr., p. 60, pl. 11, figs. 20-21, 1805.

Vertigo pygm@a Pitssry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1900, p. 608.

Vertigo callosa STERKI, not Reuss, and P. superioris Pilsbry, fide Pilsbry, 1. c.

fange.— Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus; America, in the northeastern States and the Lake Superior region.

Family ACHATINIDA.

Genus Cochlicopa (Férussac) Risso, Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller.

Flelix lubrica MULLER, Verm. Hist., I, p. 104, 1774.

Zua lubrica LEACH, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 114, 1852; Gray’s Turton’s Man., p. 188, pl. vi, fig. 65, 1840.

Cionella lubrica JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc., XvI, p. 347, 1830. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 224, figs. 381-385.

Bulimus lubricoides STIMPSON, Shells of New England, p. 54, 1851.

Zua lubricoidea MORSE, Jour. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 30, figs. 79, 81, 84; pl. x, fig. 82, 1864; Am. Nat., 1, p. 607, fig. 49, 1868.

Ferussacia subcylindrica auct, non L.

Range.— Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor: Siberia; Kam- chatka; most of North America.

Lake Superior region; Red River of the North, Lake of the Woods and Turtle Mountain, Manitoba; Moose Factory! English River, Keewatin; Laggan and Red Deer in Alberta; Nanaimo and Victoria, British Columbia; Point Barrow! and Yukon valley, Alaska; Avacha Bay ! Kamchatka.

This well known shell is one of the most emphatically circumpolar species in existence, and considering its immense geographical and climatic range its resistance to the factors which make for variation is very remarkable.

Family CIRCINARIIDA. Genus Circinaria Beck.

This is Macrocyclis or Selenites of recent literature, not of Beck or Hope.

34 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea.

Felix ie alas Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 87, pl. xxutI, fig. Helin velliceta ForBEs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, p. 75, pl. Ix, fig. 1. Macrocyclis vancouverensis TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., Il, p. 245, pl. 11, fig. 6, 1866. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 54, figs. 90-93, 1869. Selenites vancouverensis BINNEY, Third Suppl. Terr. Moll. pp. 163-6, 1892. Circinaria vancouverensis PILSBRY, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 24, 1898.

Fange.— In the moist and wooded region of northern California and northward to the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, between the Cascade Range and the sea.

Vancouver Island! Quatsino Sound, Broughton Strait, Malcolm Island, Johnstone Strait, Harbledown and Pender Islands, Skidegate, Graham Island, and Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Char- lotte Islands! Union Bay! and Comox! British Columbia. In Alaska at Annette Island! Killisnoo, Sitka! Lynn Canal, throughout the Alex- ander Archipelago, and northward along the mainland shore to Lituya Bay.

The typical form of this species is readily recognizable by its ample whorls, the last nearly smooth, its large size and greenish yellow color. It grades, however imperceptibly, into the smaller and more strongly sculptured C. sfortella Gould, from which cause a large number of varieties have arisen and been named. In the moist mountainous region of the Columbia drainage some of these forms penetrate to the eastward nearly to the headwaters of this river in western Montana. They are all depauperate, however, compared with the typical well nourished forms of the coast. These animals are carnivorous, voracious and cannibalistic. It is unsafe to keep them living in the same recep- tacle with other living snails, as they will rapidly destroy and consume the soft parts.

A fine sinistral specimen was collected at Sitka.

A variety of a dark chocolate brown color, otherwise like the ordi- nary form, was found rather commonly at Sitka. For this the varietal name chocolata would seem appropriate.

Specimens of this species were received with a label indicating that they had been collected on the Alaska Peninsula opposite Kadiak Island, but, knowing the habits of this animal, I regard this as an error of labelling. The collector having died, I was unable to untangle the confusion, but I have never found it far distant from the wooded region where Arzolémax and Polygyra columbiana occur, upon which it chiefly feeds in Alaska. It does not occur, so far as I was able to discover, on the shores of Cook Inlet, where there are suitable forests,

FAMILY ZONITID©® 35

and I do not believe it occurs on the treeless grassy slopes of the peninsula. I suspect that the wide-stretching glacial area to the north and west of Yakutat Bay, puts an impassable barrier to its north- western migration, and that it may not exist in the forests beyond that area.

This is the largest shell-bearing Pulmonate known to live in Alaska, but is surpassed by the great slug Arzodimax, which often extends to the length while preserving the diameter of a large cigar.

Circinaria variety sportella Gould. Helix sportella Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 167, 1846; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 37, fig. 42, 1852.

This is a variety of C. vancouverensis of smaller size, and intensified sculpture, both spiral and incremental. Intermediate forms, to which several names have been applied, connect it with the typical form. It accompanies the latter throughout its range, but occurs in some locali- ties which do not support the larger form. Among northern localities it has been collected at Saanich, Comox! Union Bay! Salt Springs Island and Chilliwak Lake, British Columbia ; at Annette Island ! (with variety hybrida Ancey) and Lituya Bay! Alaska.

Circinaria variety hybrida Ancey, 1888.

This form is reported from Vernon and Comox, British Columbia, and Annette Island, Alaska.

Circinaria hemphilli Binney and C. voyana Newcomb, have not been authentically reported north of the boundary, though it is said both of them have been collected in the Puget Sound region.

Family ZONITIDA. Genus Vitrina Draparnaud.

Vitrina DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Moll. Terr. France, pp. 33, 98, 1801 ; Hist., Nat. Moll. Terr. France, pp. 23, 30, 119, 1805. Type Helix pellucida Miiller, erm. Terr, .pw2i5:

Vitrinus MonTFoRT, Conch. Syst., 11, p. 238, 1810.

Cobresia JAC. HUBNER, Mon. Test. Bairische Landschn. Cobresien, 1810; (pages and plates not numbered).

Hyalina STUDER, Syst. Verz. Schweiz. Conch., p. 11, 1820: not of Schu- macher, 1817.

Limacina HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, I, p. 206, 1821 ; Sturm’s Deutschl. Fauna, abth. vi, heft v, pp. 41, 54, 1821 ; not of Cuvier, 1817.

flelicolimax FERUSSAC pére, Mém. Soc. Med. d'Emul., Iv, p. 390, 1802; et fils, Tabl. Syst. des Lim., pp. 19, 21, 1821.

Semilimax FERUSSAC pére, Der Naturforscher (Halle), pt. 28, 1802, fide Fér- russac fils, Zoc. c7z¢., 1821.

36 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Semilimax STABILE, Révue et Mag. Zool. (Guerin), Aug., 1859, p. 41; Moll. Terr. Viv. Piém., p. 23, 1864.—-KOBELT, Cat. der Europ. Faun. leb. Bin- nenconch., p. 3, 1871 (as a section of lztrina, group of . diaphana Drap.). — PFEIFFER, Nom. Hel. Viv., p. 26, 1878.

Fagana GISTEL, Naturg. Thierr., p. 168, 1848 (new name for V7z¢rina Drap.).

Phenacolimax STABILE, Rév. et Mag. Zool. (Guerin), Aug., 1859, p. 42 ; Moll., Terr. Viv. Piém., p. 24, 1864.— PFEIFFER, Nom. Hel. Viv., p. 27, 1878.

Flelicolimax KOBELT, Cat. der Europ. Faun. leb. Binnenconch., p. 4, 1871, (Sect. of Vitrina, s.s.).

Trochovitrina SCHACKO, in Boettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., VII, p. 379, Oct., 1880; type lztrina ledert Boettger.

Gallandia BOURGUIGNAT, Descr. Nouv. Genre Gad/andia, Aug., 1880, pp. 4-8, Ist sp. Vitrina conoidea Martens.

Oligolimax FISCHER, in Paulucci, Faun. Calabria, p. 37, 1880. — PAULUCCTI, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., vil, p. 75, 1881. — FiscHER, Man. de Conchyl., p. 464, 1883 (V. paulucci@ Fischer).

Parmacellina SANDBERGER, Land u. Sussw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 232, pl. xu, 1871. Sole ex. P. vitrineformis Sandb., Eocene.

Vitrina PILspry, Class. Cat. Landsh. Am., p. 25, 18098.

Chlamydea \WESTERLUND, Fauna d. Pal. Reg., 1, p. 19, 1886 (V. bicolor Westerlund, 1881).

The shell in this group and its allies is reduced to very simple terms and the differences between species appear trifling. But there appears to be quite a wide range of character in the soft parts, from whence it follows that several sections can be recognized in the genus as re- stricted, while some species, formerly regarded as belonging to Vtrzza, are now scattered in widely separated genera.

The true V7ztrzma seems confined to the northern hemisphere. The following sections are recognized :

Vitrina Drap.s.s. 1801. Type V. pellucida Miiller. Helicoli- max Férussac pere, 1801, is identical, and Sem2l/max Stabile hardly separable.

Oligolimax Fischer. Type V. pauluccte Fischer.

Phenacolimax Stabile, 1859. Type V. major Fer.

Gallandia Bourguignat, Aug., 1880. Type V. conozdea von Martens. Zvrochovitrina Schacko, Oct., 1880, is synonymous.

The North American and Greenland species are true V7trzza, the other forms belong to the Old World only.

The New World groups Vztr¢zozonttes Binney and Velzfera Binney may be regarded as of generic rank, and are extra limital to the region now under discussion.

Vitrina angelice Beck.

Vitrina angelice BECK, Index, p. 1, 1837 ; name only.—MO6LLER, Index, p. 4, 1842.—Mo6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 27, pl. 11, figs. 1, 4, 1868. — M6rc, in Rink’s Danish Greenland, p. 436, 1877.

Felix pellucida FABRICIUS, Fauna Gronl., p. 389, 1780, not of Miiller, 1774.

FAMILY ZONITID£ 37

Range. — Greenland.

This species is more like the V. derydizma of Europe than the American species. The latest data given by Posselt indicate that it is not found in Iceland. Binney has CC) given an enlarged illustration of this species (fig. 25) in his Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America, Fic. 25. Vit- I, p. 28. rina angelica, }.

Vitrina limpida Gould.

Vitrina pellucida DE Kay, Zool. N. Y. Moll., p. 25, pl. 11, fig. 42, 1843; not of Miiller, 1774.

Vitrina limpida GOULD, in Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 243, 1850. — Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. His., 1, p. 11, pl. v, fig. 17, 1864. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 27, figs. 23, 24, 1869.

Vitrina americana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., for 1852, p. 156; Conch. Cab., ed. 11, Vitrina, p. 9, pl. 1, figs. 22-25, 1854.

fange.— Central New York and northward, from 2) >) New Brunswick to Alberta and Hudson Bay. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Manitoba at Carberry

Fic. 26. Vit- and Lake of the Woods; Red Deer and Laggan in rina limpida

Alberta ; Moose Factory ! James Bay ; Norway House (Maine), %, ie ta; Moo ctory ! Jan y ; Norway House,

in damp woods.

This species has been reported from the Rocky Mountain region by Ingersoll, but I regard his specimens so identified as varieties of V. alaskana.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, xom. nov.

Vitrina pfeiffert NEWCOMB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 92, 1861. — TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p. 244, pl. 11, fig. 3, 1866. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 28, fig. 26, 1869. Not V. Afeiffer¢ Deshayes, in Fér., Limacgons, 1822.

Range. — New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, central California, all at considerable altitudes, and northward.

Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, B. C.; Muir Inlet, Alaska! St. Paul, Kadiak Island! Popof and Unga Islands, of the Shumagin group! Akutan! Unalga! Rooluk! and Unalaska! of the Aleutian chain; St. Paul! and St. George Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska, in tall grass of bluff fifty feet above the sea!

This species has been referred to as pellucida, limpida and exilis, and when fully grown under favorable conditions the shell may reach 10 mm. in major diameter, though most of the specimens as collected are considerably smaller. The shell is translucent, with a marked greenish tinge, and not over three whorls. It is flatter than /¢mpida,

38 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

larger, and of a different tint, and the size of the whorls increases more rapidly. It is less flat and much larger than V. exz7s, which is also of a different hue.

It is the most common land shell on most of the islands of Bering Sea and on the continent near the sea, where it usually occurs, but as we move southward we find it occurring at continually greater eleva- tions and entirely absent from the warm dry plains and valleys. It attains from 7,500 to 10,800 feet elevation in the Sierra and Rocky Mountains.

*Vitrina exilis Morelet.

Vitrina exilis MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., vu, p. 8, 1858.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., Iv, p. 799, 1859. — Binney, Bull. U. S. N. Mus., No. 28, p. 178, fig. 172, 1885 ; Terr. Moll., v, pp. 138, 200, pl. 1, fig. B. fange.— Northeastern Asia and adjacent islands, from Japan northeastward.

Kamchatka, at Petropavlovsk! Bering Id. (Vega Expd.).

This is a small species, of a whitish or translucent glassy hue; smaller and with a more elevated spire than its American representa- tive V. alaskana. According to Binney V. exz/7s has the jaw and radula as usual in the genus, the transverse rows of teeth numbering 37 .1.37, with seven perfect laterals.

I have seen no specimens from east of the Commander Islands ; the shells thus identified are probably all V. edaskana.

Genus Vitrea Fitzinger. Vitrea radiatula Alder.

Flelix radiatula ALDER, Cat. Test. Newcastle upon Tyne, p. 12, No. 50, 1830, — GRAY, in Turton's Man., p. 173, pl. xu, fig. 137, 1840.

? Helix hammonis STROM, Trondj., Selsk. Skrift., p. 435, pl. vi, fig. 16, 1765.

? Zonites viridulus MENKE, Syn., ed. Il, p. 137, 1830.

flelix electrina GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 183, fig. 111, 1841.

Hyalina viridula BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 34, figs. 41-43,

1869 ; not of Menke?

Hyalina pellucida LEHNERT, Science Record, 1, p. 172, June 16, 1884. Range.—Holarctic. Northern Europe, Asia and America. Manitoba, at Lake of the Woods, Carberry and Pembina; Alberta,

at Laggan and Red Deer; Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! British

Columbia, at Departure Bay! Comox! and Union Bay! Alaska, at

Killisnoo! Klukwan! Portage Bay! Seduction Tongue! Anuk! St.

Paul, Kadiak Island! Unga Island, Shumagins ! Unalaska, Aleutians !

Nulato, Yukon River! Point Barrow! Bering Island, Bering Sea!

Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka !

FAMILY ZONITID4& 39

The species as described by Strém is unrecognizable and his name should be rejected. There is some doubt as to whether the Z. virtdula of Menke is identical with the present species or not.

Vitrea nitidula Draparnaud.

flelix nitidula DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., p. 117, pl. vil, figs. 21-22, 1805. Zonites nitidulus GRAY, in Turton, Man., p. 172, pl. x11, fig. 136, 1840.

Range. — Europe, northern and middle ; Italy. Fort Resolution! Great Slave Lake (Kennicott). The identification and locality are indubitable.

Vitrea binneyana Morse.

Hyalina binneyana Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 13, figs. 25, 26, pl. u, fig. 9, pl. Iv, fig. 31, 1864. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 39, figs. 56-8, 1869. flelix morset TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 188, 1865. @ flyatina binneyt BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 39, footnote.

Vitrea binneyana PILsBRY, Class. Cat., p. 26, 1898.

Fic, 27. Vttrea bin- b Mai .

neyana Morse. Range.—Que ec and Maine to northern Mich- igan and British Columbia.

Brandon, Manitoba; Nanaimo, B. C.

Vitrea indentata Say.

flelix indentata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 372, 1822. — GOuLD, Inv. Mass., p. 181, fig. 109, 1841. Hyalina indentata Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 12, fig. 21; pl. 1, fig. 11, pl. v, fig. 22, 1864. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 35, figs. 44-46, 1869. Range. — Mexico to Manitoba, United States and Canada, eastward from the Rocky Mountains. Pine Creek, Manitoba.

Genus Euconulus Reinhardt.

Helix (sp.) MULLER, Gmelin, Montagu, Draparnaud, ef aé/., 1774-1820.

Trochus (sp.) DA Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 35, 1778.

Teba (sp.) LEACH, Proofsheets, 1820, ide Roéssmissler Icon., 1, p. 38, 1838.

Conulus FITZINGER, Syst. Verz. Weichth., p. 94, 1833; not Conu/us Rafi- nesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 145, 1815.

Polita (sp.) HELD, Weichth. Bayerns, Isis, Dec., 1837, col. 916.

Petasia (sp.) Beck, Index, p. 21, 1837.

Zonites (sp.) MOQUIN TANDON, Moll. de France, p. 68, 1855.

flyalina (sp.) VON MARTENS’ Albers, p. 73, 1850. — Binney, L. & Fw. Sh. N. Am., pt. 1, p. 46, 1869.

Euconulus (fulvus) REINHARDT, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. zu Berlin, for 1883, p. 86.— Pirsspry, Nautilus, x1v, Nov., 1900, p. 81.— WooDWARD, Brit. Nonmarine Moll., p. 353, 1903.

Hyalinia (sp.) MOrcH, Syn. Moll. Terr. Dan., p. 14, 1864. —WESTERLUND, Nachrichtsbl. Mal. Ges., xv, p. 173, Dec., 1883.

40 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Arnouldia BOURGUIGNAT, Bull. Soc. Mal. de France, vil, p. 328, 1890.

Vitrea (sp.) E. A. Smitu, Journ. Conch. (Leeds), v1, p. 339, 1891.

Trochulus \WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., 111 beil, p. 16, 1886 ; not of the — Museum Calonnianum, p. 26, 1797, not Zrochuda Schleuter, Verz., p. 7, 1838.

This genus has had a number of names applied to it, among which one is proposed by Westerlund as taken from Da Costa (1778) but, as indicated by Sherborne in the Zzdex Animalium, Da Costa merely quoted part of a polynomial phrase ( Zrochilus terrestris mor ton? ) in his synonymy, from Morton’s Northamptonshire (London, 1712), and did not use the word Zrochzlus in a generic sense. Moreover, if he had, Zrochélus had previously been used by Linné for a genus of birds. There seems at present no reason to doubt that the first valid name for the genus is Huconuldus Reinhardt, while the typical species, as will be evident from the following synonymy, is Z. ¢trochiformis (Montagu).

Euconulus trochiformis (Montagu).

? Helix fulva, ex parte MULLER, Verm. Terr, et Fluv., 1, p. 57, 1774; Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 240, No. 2905, 1776.

Trochus terrestris (LISTER) Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 35, 1778; not of Pennant, 1767.

Felix trochiformis MontaGu, Test. Brit., 11, p. 427, pl. 1, fig. 9, 1803. Not of Férussac, 1819.

Felix trochulus MONTAGU, of. cit., in syn., not of Miiller, 1774. — DILLWyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., 11, 916, 1817.

Helix fulva DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Nat. des Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 81, pl. vil, figs. 12, 13, 1805. — ROssMASSLER, Icon., J, pt. 11, p. 38, pl. 39, fig. 535, 1838.

Helix nitidula VON ALTEN, Syst. abh. Erd. u. Fluss-Conch., p. 53, pl. IV, fig. 8, 1812.

Helix fulva Nixsson, Hist. Moll. Suec., p. 13, 1822.

Helix trochiformis Maton and Rackett, Linn. Trans., VIII, p. 200, 1807 .— FLEMING, Edin. Encyc., vu, p. 80, 1813.—Woop, Ind. Test., pl. 32, fig. 68, 1825.—JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans., XVI, p. 331, 1830.

Teba fulva LEACH, Syn. Brit. Moll. Proofsheets, p. 99, 1820; fide Rossmas- sler, Icon., 1, p. 38, 1838.—LEACH, Syn. Brit. Moll. (ed. Gray), p. 72, 1852.

Flelix Parhihe FLEMING, Brit. An., p. 260, 1828.

Helix mandralisct B1vONA, Nuovo Moll. Palermo, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 6, 1839.

Helix fulva var. mortoni JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans., XVI, p. 332, 1830.

Conulus fulvus FITZINGER, Syst. Verz., p. 94, 1833.

Polita fulua HELD, Weichth. Bayerns, Isis, Dec., 1837, col. 916.

Helix (Petasia) trochiformis Breck, Index, p. 21, 1837.

Zonites (Conulus) fulvus MoQ. TANDON, Moll. France, p. 68, 1855.

Felix (Conulus) fulva ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 73, 1850.

Flyalina (Conulus) fulyva VON MARTENS’ Albers, p. 73, 1860.

Hlyalinia (Petasia) fulva MORcH, Syn. Moll. Terr. Dan., p. 14, 1864.

Euconulus fulvus REINHARDT, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, p. 86, 1883.

FAMILY ZONITID¢ 41

Arnouldia fulva BOURGUIGNAT, Bull. Soc. Mal. de France., vil, p. 328, 1899.

Vitrea (Conulus) fulva E. A. SmitH, Journ. Conch. (Leeds), v1, No. x, p. 339, 1891.

Fst dhes paws WoopwarbD, Brit. Nonmarine Moll., p. 353, _1903-

Helix egena Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. +s 182

Hyalina (Conulus) fulva BUNNey, Land and Freshw. Sh. of N. Am. part I, p.

46, fig. 73, 1869.

Hyalinia (Conulus) trochiformis (MONTAGU) WESTERLUND, Nachr. Mal. Ges., XV) p.. 173, Dec:, 1683.

Trochulus trochiformis WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., m1 beilage, p. 16, 1886.

Conulus chersinus MorSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 19, figs. 44, 46, pl. 1, fig. 4, pl. vir, fig. 45, 1864, not Heltx chersina Say, 1821.

Conulus fulvus (MULLER), and var. a/askensis Pitspry, Nautilus, xu, No.

Io, pp. 115-6, 1899. Euconulus fulvus PItsBry, Nautilus, xiv, Nov., 1900, p. 81.

Variety fabriciz (Beck). Helix nitida Fasricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 389, 1780, not of Miiller.

FHlelix (Petasta) fabricit BECK, Index, p. 21, 1837, nude name. — MGLLER, Index Moll. Greenl., p. 7, 1842.

Range. — Holarctic, and widely distributed south- ward.

Canada; Manitoba at Carberry, Pine Creek, Pem- bina, and Lake of the Woods; in Alberta at Laggan, Red Deer, Olds and McLeod; English River, Kee- Fic. 28. sis watin; California! Oregon! Washington! Victoria, yas paskiats Vancouver Island! Sitka, Alaska; Unalaska! Bering fied). ° Island, Bering Sea! Petropavloysk, Kamchatka !

Pooten, Konyam and St. Lawrence Bays, eastern Siberia. Variety faébriciz Moller. Greenland! Ungava!

Labrador. <2) Variety alaskensis Pilsbry. Yukon drainage, Lake

Fic. 29. £u- Lindeman to Point Romanof and St. Michael, conulus trocht- Alaska; Dyea valley, Southeastern Alaska ! gan var. fa- This familiar little shell has had various vicissitudes in gba nomenclature. The name fu/va Miiller, by which it is best known, was based, according to Beck, who was custodian of Miiller’s types, upon He/7x dédentata Gmelin, while a shell which Miiller supposed to be the young, but did not figure or fully describe, was supposed by some of the early naturalists to be our species. Another unfigured species, Helix trochulus Miiller, was thought by Dillwyn to be identical with our fw/va, but the measure- ments forbid the identification, and Pfeiffer came to the conclusion that HZ. trochulus is identical with the young tip of Buliminus ob- scurus. Fabricius supposed our shell to be identical with He//x

42 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

hammonis Strom (1765), but Strém’s figure is widely umbilicated and so rude as to be practically unidentifiable.

The first specific name which unmistakably applies to our shell, and to it alone, is the trochiformzs of Montagu, which it seems advisable to adopt.

Under the name fu/va several distinct though very closely allied forms have been generally included. Reinhardt, Bourguignat and lastly Pilsbry have thrown additional light on this subject, and a num- ber of species or marked varieties are now recognized. The /elcx chersina of Say is a southern form, while the AZ. egenra of Say is generally admitted to be a synonym of the trochiformis.

The Luconulus fabrictt of Greenland seems to be merely a case of an offshoot which by isolation has been enabled to assume distinctive characters, which have hardly reached a greater than varietal rank.

Genus Zonitoides Lehmann, Zonitoides nitidus Miiller.

Flelix nitida MULLER, Hist. Verm., Il, p. 32, 1774. Flelix lucida DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll. de France, p. 103, 1805 ; not of the Tableau, 1801. Tlyalina nitida TRyon, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 250, pl. Iv, fig. 24, 1866. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 31, figs. 35, 36, 1869. Zonitoides nittdus PILSBRY, Class, Cat., p. 27, 1898. Range. — Holarctic. Europe, northern United States, British America, Alaska, Japan. Red River drift, Manitoba; Peace River, Athabaska; Fort Resolu- tion, Great Slave Lake; Seattle, Wash. ! Klukwan, Alaska (Krause). This species has been found so widely spread that it cannot reason- ably longer be regarded as merely a European emigrant.

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Flelix arboreus Say, Nicholson's Encyl., ist Am. edition, pl. Iv, fig. 4, 1817.

felix arborea GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 182, fig. 110, 1841. — Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 542, fig. 30, 1867.

Flyalina arborea Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 14, fig. 28, pl. vI, fig. 29, 1864.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 33, figs. 38- 40, 1869.

flelix brewert NEWCOMB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 111, p. 118, 1864.

Range.— North America generally and Japan.

Labrador ; Ontario; English River! Keewatin and Moose Factory ; Carberry and Lake of the Woods, Manitoba; Laggan and Red Deer, in Alberta; Great Slave Lake! Oregon, at Weston! Vancouver Island at Victoria! Departure Bay! Nanaimo! Comox! Union Bay! etc. ; in Alaska at Unalaska! Petropayloysk, Kamchatka! Japan (Hirase).

FAMILY ZONITIDZ= 43

Zonitoides randolphi Pilsbry. Zonitoides randolphi Pitssry, Nautilus, xu, p. 87, 1898.— RANDOLPH, of. cit., p. 110, 1899. Range.— Lake Lindeman, headwaters of the Yukon, British America. I have not seen this species, which is less than 5 mm. in diameter. It has not been figured.

Zonitoides minusculus Binney.

Helix minuscula BINNEY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 435, pl. xxu, fig. 4, 1840.— Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 543, fig. 35, 1867.

Pseudohyalina minuscula MorSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 16, fig. 34, pl. vu, fig. 35, 1864.

Range.— North America generally.

Red River of the North, Manitoba; Victoria and Departure Bay ! Vancouver Island; Berg Bay, Muir Inlet! Alaska; Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagins! Rooluk Island! near Unalga, Aleutians, Alaska.

Zonitoides milium Morse.

Felix milium Morse, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v1, p. 28, 1859; Am. Nat., I, p. 543, fig. 36, 1867. Striatura milium Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 18, figs. 41, 42, pl. vu, fig. 43, 1864. Range.—Eastern United States and Canada. Mani- toba (rare, Hanham).

The report of this species from Vancouver Island Fic. 30. Zon- ttoides milium,

was probably based on the following form. Z. mznus- Pinan hole

culus has also been wrongly identified as Z. mz/éum. (magnified). Zonitoides pugetensis Dall.

Patulastra ? (Punctum?) pugetensis DALL, Nautilus, vim, No. 11, p. 130, Mar., 1895. Zonttoides pugetensis PILSBRY, Nautilus, rx, p. 18, 1895. Zonttoides (Pseudohyalina) pugetensits DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxIv, p. 500, pl. xxvul, figs. 10, 12, 1902. Range. — Puget Sound region, Oregon, California. Seattle, Wash.! Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.

Genus Gastrodonta Albers. *Gastrodonta gularis Say?

Flelix gularis J. DE C. SOWERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., 111, p. 315, 1836 (nude name).

Range.—WLake Superior, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan River (Sowerby).

44 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

This name is doubtless one given by Sowerby to some unknown shell, as it is as certain as almost anything can be, that Helzx guards Say was neyer collected in the region referred to.

Genus Pristiloma Ancey.

Pristiloma lansingi Bland.

Zonites lansingi BLAND, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, p. 74, figs. 1, 2, 1875. Microphysa lansing? BINNEY, Man. Am. Land Sh., p. go, figs. 55, 56, 1885. Pristiloma lansing? Pitssry, Class. Cat., p. 29, 1898.

Range.— Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.

Astoria, Oregon! Seattle, Wash.! common at Victoria! and Nan- aimo! Vancouver Island.

Pristiloma stearnsii Bland.

Zonites stearnsit BLAND, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x1, p. 76, fig. 3, 1875, (Astoria, Oregon).

Microphysa stearnsit BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1, No. 8, p. 147, pl. Il, figs. N, 0, 1883; x11, No. 2, p. 44, 1886.

Pristiloma stearnsi BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxu1, No. 4, p. 176, 1892.

Range. — Columbia River to Dyea, Alaska.

Astoria and Portland, Oregon! Olympia, Wash.! Comox! Union Bay! and Salt Spring Island, British Columbia; Killisnoo, Por- tage Bay, Anuk, Dyea valley, Klehini and Klukwan, Southeastern Alaska.

Pristiloma taylori Pilsbry.

Pristiloma taylori Pryspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 185, pl. Ix, figs. 6, 7, 8 (Nanaimo).

Range. — Oregon, Washington and British Columbia at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.

*Pristiloma pilsbryi Vanatta.

Pristiloma pilsbryi VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 120, fig. 1 (3 views).

Range. — Portland, Oregon.

*Pristiloma idahoénse Pilsbry.

Pristiloma idahoénse PILspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1902, p. 593, (Weiser Canyon).

Range. —Idaho, in Washington and Boise counties at Weiser Canyon and Big Payette Lake.

This and the preceding species will probably be found within our area when it is thoroughly explored.

FAMILY LIMACIDZE 45

Pristiloma? arctica Lehnert.

Hyalina arctica LEHNERT, Science Record, 11, p. 172, June 16, 1884. 2 Conulus arcticus DALL, in Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 197. 2 Pristiloma arctica PiLspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 186,

pl. 1x, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Range. — Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to Point Barrow.

Point Barrow, Lat. 71° 25’ N.! Unalaska! Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagins! Orca, Prince William Sound! and Yakutat Bay, Alaska !

This may prove to be a depressed Huconulus when the animal is anatomically examined.

The species was formerly confused with P. sfearnszz. It occurs in the moss of the tundra near Point Barrow, where at most it can have but three months of activity out of the whole year.

Family LIMACID. Genus Agriolimax Moérch.

Fic. 31. Agrtolimax agrestis L.

Agriolimax agrestis Linné. Limax agrestis LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 652, 1758.— ForBes and Han- LEY, Brit. Moll., rv, p. 13, pl. ppp, fig. 3, 1853. Range. — Both coasts of America, introduced from Europe. Victoria, B. C.! Manitoba; Ungava!

Agriolimax hyperboreus Westerlund.

Limax hyperboreus WESTERLUND, Land och Sétv. Moll. Sibiriens, p. 21, 1876. — Binney, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 473, fig. 416, 1885; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x11, No. 2, p. 42, 1886; x1x, No. 4, p. 205, fig., pl. viz, fig. F, 1890.

Limax (Agriolimax) hyperboreus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., for 1886, p.

202, Oct., 1886. Range.— The Arctic and boreal regions of both hemispheres. Bering Id.! Kamchatka! Chukchi Peninsula! Alaska at Norton

Sound! Nushagak! Unalaska! Coal Harbor, Shumagins! St. Paul

Island, Bering Sea! Kadiak Island! Sitka! and Cape Fox! In Van-

couyer Island at Comox; Seattle, Wash.; Alberta at Laggan, altitude

5,200 feet; Manitoba; Ungava, Labrador!

This little black slug is the prevalent and almost the only animal of its kind in the higher latitudes of North America. It has been referred

40 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

to A. campestris as a variety by some authors, but it is at least the only form of campestris known in the north and seems distinct enough to be recognized as a species.

Agriolimax berendti Strebel.

Limax berendti STREBEL and PFEFFER, Mex. lI. u. siissw. Conch., Iv, Dez2) pl. 1x, figs. 10, 12; pl. xv, fig. 3, 1880.

Limax hemphilli BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 205, pl. vim, fig. E; pl. 1, fig. 13, pl. 11, fig. 3, 1890; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxu, No. 4, p. 166, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1892.

ange. — Guatemala to British Columbia.

Genus Amalia Moquin Tandon.

* Amalia hewstoni Cooper.

Limax (Amalia) hewstoni COOPER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1872, p. 145, pl. 111, figs. BI-Bs. Amalia hewstoni PILsBRY, Class. Cat., p. 29, 1898.

fange.— San Diego to Seattle. San Francisco, Calif. !

This form may perhaps be an evolution from imported specimens of the European A. gagates. It probably extends into British Columbia.

Family ARIONIDA. Genus Prophysaon W. G. Binney.

Prophysaon andersoni Cooper.

Arion? andersoni COOPER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1872, p. 148, pl. Il, figs. FI-F5. — PILSBRY, of. cé¢. for 1898, p. 245, pl. x, figs. 18-22 ; pl. x1, figs. 28, 29; pl. x11, figs. 59-62; pl. xvi, figs. 92-93, 18098. Not P. andersoni. — BINNEY, in 2d Suppl. Terr. Moll., p. 42.

Prophysaon andersoni BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 208, pl. 11, fig. i, pl. vil, fig. ¢,/pl.1, figs 3) pli ax, figs: 1,7, 1890.

Prophysaon andersoni vars. marmoratum and suffusum COCKERELL, The Con- chologist, 11, pp. 72, 118.

Prophysaon hemphilli BLAND and Binney, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x p. 295, pl. x1I, excluding fig. 5.

Prophysaon pacificum et P. flavum COCKERELL, Nautilus, 111, p. 111, Feb., 1890. — PILsBRY, of. cit., p. 246, 1898.

Prophysaon andersoni var. pallidum COCKERELL, Nautilus, v, p. 31, July, 1891.

Range.— San Francisco north to Alaska and eastward to Idaho.

Variety pallidum Cockerell, Vancouver Island! British Columbia ; Cape Fox, Alaska!

Type (axdersonz) Victoria and Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Var. pactficum Cockerell, Victoria, B. C.!

IT have followed Dr. Pilsbry’s arrangement of the varying forms of this remarkable self-amputating slug.

FAMILY ARIONID/ZE 47

* Prophysaon foliolatum Gould.

Arion foliolatus GOULD, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 26, 1852: Puget Sound.

Phenacarion foliolatus COCKERELL, Nautilus, 111, p. 127, Mar., 1890.

Phenacarion hemphilli W. G. BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 208, pl. vil, fig. C, IX, fig. H; 4th Suppl., p. 183; not Prophysaon hemphilli Bland and Binney.

Prophysaon foliolatum (GouLD) Pixspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 248, pl. x, figs. 15, 16, 17; pl. x1, fig. 32; pl. x1u, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58; pl. xiv, fig. 70; pl. xv, fig. 80; pl. XvI, figs. 90, 98.

Range. — Puget Sound region,

Prophysaon humile Cockerell.

Prophysaon humile COCKERELL, Nautilus, 1, p. 112, Feb., 1890.—W. G. BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 211, pl. vil, figs. E, G, L, M, 18go. Piuspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 251, pl. xvI, fig. 97.

Prophysaon fasctatum COCKERELL, in Binney, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 209, pl. vil, fig. A, 1890.—PILSBRY, of. ctt., p. 251, pl. xX, figs. 23-27 ; pl. x1, fig. 34; pl. xu, figs. 37-40; pl. xvI, figs. 91, 94-96.

Prophysaon fasctatum var. obscurum COCKERELL, The Conchologist, 1, p. 119, Mar. 1893.

Range. — Northern Idaho to Puget Sound and northward to Alaska. P. humile Loring, Alaska! Seattle ! P. fasciatum Old Mission, Idaho; Chehalis and Seattle, Wash.

* Prophysaon ceruleum Cockerell.

Prophysaon ceruleum COCKERELL, Nautilus, 1, p. 112, Feb., 1890.— BIN- NEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 209, pl. vu, figs. I, J, May, 1890.— Piuspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 253, pl. 1x, figs. 7-11; pl. x1, fig. 30; pl. x11, figs. 51-53; pl. xvi, fig. 86, Nov., 1898.

P. ceruleum var. dubtum COCKERELL, @oc. cit., 1890.

Range. — Portland, Oregon; Seattle and Olympia, Wash.

Genus Ariolimax Morch.

Ariolimax columbianus Gould.

Limax columbianus GouLp, Terr. Moll., 11, p. 43, pl. LXvI, fig. 1, 1851; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 3, fig. 1, @, 6, 1852. Artolinax columbianus MOrcH, Mal. BL, vi, p. 110, 1859. — BINNEY, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 48, pl. v1, figs. 11-13, 1865 ; Land and Fw. Shells N. Am., I, p. 279, fig. 499, 1869 ; Man. Am. Landsh., p. 98, figs. 58- 61, 1885. — PitsBry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1896, p. 342; 1898, p. 235, pl. xv, fig. 81; pl. xiv, fig. 66; pl. xv, figs. 73, 74, 1898. Range.— Santa Barbara, northward to Sitka, Victoria, and Nanaimo. Malcolm Island and Broughton Strait, British Columbia ; SE. Alaska (to Cross Sound?) Klawak, Prince of Wales Archipelago! Sitka, Alaska! and probably north to Cross Sound and Icy Strait, or even Lituya Bay.

48 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

This is the common slug of British Columbia and Alaska, found in damp places in the wooded region. It varies from dark maculate to yellowish olive, and when full grown may reach a length of eight or nine inches, when fully extended. It is very fond of the leaves of the Alaskan skunk cabbage, a taste shared by bears and the Alaskan deer. It produces a profuse and most tenacious slime. When the Indians wish to catch the ruby-throat humming bird they gather two or three of these slugs and whip them with small bare twigs. Under this treatment slime is given off in large quantity and adheres to the twigs, which are afterward placed among the flowers visited by the hummers. If they alight on one of the twigs they cannot escape from the ad- hesiveness of this singular birdlime. It is said one of the ancient chiefs had a cape entirely covered with the resplendent plumage of the male ruby-throat, and which was regarded as incredibly valuable. The black spotted form seems to have been named maculatus, by Cockerell, and the yellow mutation séramineus, by Hemphill, but they occur in- discriminately in Alaska and are probably only individual color-muta- tions.

* Ariolimax steindachneri Babor.

Ariolinax steindachneri Basor, Ann. K.K. Naturh. Hof-Museum, Wien, xv, p- 85, Ig00. Range. — Puget Sound. I am unable to state whether this is distinct or one of the mutations of A. columbianus.

Genus Hemphillia Bland and Binney.

Fic. 32. Hemphillia glandulosa Binney.

* Hemphillia glandulosa B. and B.

Hemphillia glandulosa BLAND and BINNEY, Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, p. 209; pl. 1x, figs. 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, 1872. — Prtspry and VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 233, pl. 1x, figs. 1, 2; pl. xt, figs. 49, 50.

Range. — Astoria, Oregon, and Puget Sound region.

*Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry and Vanatta.

Flemphillia camelus PILSBRY and VANATTA, Nautilus, x1, p. 44, Aug., 1897 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 234, pl. Ix, figs. 3, 4; pl. x1, figs. 41, 42; pl. xvi, fig. 85.

FAMILY ENDODONTIDe 49

fange.— Northern Idaho, at Old Mission. Like other species of northern Idaho this probably extends across the parallel into British America.

Family ENDODONTIDZ. Genus Pyramidula Fitzinger.

Subgenus Patula Held.

Pyramidula solitaria Say.

Felix solitaria SAY, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 157, 1821. — Bin- NEY, Terr. Moll. U. S., 1, p. 254, pl. vii, figs. 6-10; II, p. 208, pl. XXIV, 1851.

Patula solitaria (SAY) BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 254, figs. 263, 267, 268, 1885.

Flelix limitaris DAWsON, Rep. Brit. N. Am. Boundary Survey, Geology, pp. 347-350, 1875.

Pyramidula solitaria limitaris Pitspry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 31, 18098.

Patula solitaria var. occidentalis VON MARTENS, fide Pilsbry, 1. c., p. 31, 1898.

FRange.— Arkansas north to Ohio, west to eastern Oregon, and northward in Alberta. Var. diémitarts, Waterton Lake, Rocky Mts. in Alberta; northern

Idaho.

Var. occtdentalis, Dalles of the Columbia near Fort Vancouver;

Coeur d’Alene Mts., Idaho.

Fics. 33-35. Pyramidula alternata Say.

*Pyramidula aiternata Say.

Flelix alternata Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., rst Am. ed., 11, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1817. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 73, figs. 122-129, 1869. Anguispira alternata MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 11, fig. 15,

pl. iv, fig. 16, 1864.

Felix dubia SHEPARD, Trans. Lit. Sci. Soc. Quebec, 1, p. 194, 1829.

fange.— Eastern North America as far north as Nova Scotia, Lower Canada, and the international boundary.

Lake of the Woods! (Kennicott) ; Canso, Nova Scotia (fide Bin- ney).

Binney (of. czt., pp. 74, 76) gives the northeastern range of this species as Labrador, but Canso, where his specimens were obtained, is

50 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

in Nova Scotia, not Labrador. I have no authentic record of this species north of Lake of the Woods.

Subgenus Gonyodiscus Fitzinger. Pyramidula striatella Anthony.

flelix striatella ANTHONY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 278, pl. m1, fig. 2, 1840. — GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 178, fig. 112, 1841. Patula striatella BINNEY, Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 69, figs. 28, 29, 1885. ela (Gonyodiscus) striatela PILSBRY, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 98.

FRange.— Kansas northward to Great Slave Lake and from New England to the Sierra Nevada, and south to Arizona.

Woods of the Winnipeg basin, Turtle Mt., Lake of the Woods! English River! Manitoba; Moose Factory! James Bay; Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! in Alberta at Laggan, Red Deer, Olds, and McLeod, west to the Selkirk Range.

It is difficult to distinguish immature specimens of this species from P. cronkhitet Newc., but when full grown perfect specimens are com- pared it is seen that s¢rzate//a is a smaller shell with a proportionately larger umbilicus, it is of a richer brown color, more regularly and elegantly ribbed and more polished or glistening on the surface. The animal of s¢rzate//a shows no red maculations through the translucent shell when living, such as are seen in P. ruderata.

Pyramidula cronkhitei Newcomb.

Flelix cronkhitet NEwCOMB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 180, 1865.

Patula cronkhitei Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p. 263, 1866. — BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 70, fig. 30, 1885.

Pyramidula striatella cronkhitet PILSBRY, Class, Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 1898.

Patula pauper BINNEY (ex parte), Man. Am. Landsh., p. 187, 1885.

Range. — Nevada and California in the wooded mountain region to 6,000 feet; Klamath Lake and valley, Oregon, and northward.

British Columbia at Nanaimo; Lake Lindeman, Yukon Territory ; in Alaska at Sitka! Chilkat Inlet! and valley; Chilkoot Inlet! and valley! shores of Yakutat Bay! English Bay (Merriam)! and St. Paul, Kadiak Island! Popof and Unga Islands! Shumagins ; Chika Rocks! and Akutan Island! Akutan Pass; Unalaska (Dall, Elliott, Kincaid, Turner) !

Mr. Binney observes that this species is larger, of a lighter color, is more coarsely (and I may add more irregularly) striated than P. striatella. It also has when full grown a larger shell and relatively smaller and deeper umbilicus. I am obliged to confess that I am not able to distinguish shells long dead from those of P. ruderata, which

FAMILY ENDODONTIDE£ 51

replaces this species on Bering Island and in Kamchatka. But when the animals are living P. rwderata shows through the translucent shell deep red or red-brown radiating maculations, which are situated on the mantle. After the shells have been dead some time this macula- tion disappears. Now the living P. croxkhitez do not show any such color-markings. The presence of the latter led Morelet to name an immature raderata, Helix floccata. The shell figured by von Martens ~ in the Conchologische Mittheilungen under the name of /foccata does not agree with Morelet’s original diagnosis, and was not found by me during much energetic collecting at his locality, Petropavlovsk, Kam- chatka, in 1865. If, as stated by von Martens, it really comes from the original lot collected by Morelet it is evident that his diagnosis (which calls for a shell with an angular periphery like young ruderata) was founded on a mixture, of which young ruderata probably formed apart. But I am inclined to believe that von Martens was misled in regarding the shell he figured to be a native of Kamchatka. Pyramidula pauper Gould was described from the same locality as Morelet’s floccata, and is undoubtedly the same as the shell I have called rxderata, following Morelet, Middendorff and others. But the P. cronkhiteé from Unalaska and other places in Alaska which has been called pauper by Dr. Cooper and others, is our American shell. Mr. Binney thought it different from P. crozkfztez, but after much study and consideration I cannot confirm this opinion,

Subgenus Planogyra Morse.

*Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. Helix asteriscus MorSE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v1, p. 128, 1857; Am. Nat., 1, p. 546, fig. 43, 1867. Planogyra asteriscus MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 24, figs. 51, 52; pl. u, fig. 5; pl. viii, fig. 53, 1864. Patula asteriscus BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 186, figs. 185, 186, 1885. Pyramidula (Planogyra) asteriscus Pitspry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 33, 1898. Range.— Maine ; Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada; Van- couver Island? Tacoma, Wash. ? This species has been reported from British Columbia and Wash- ington, but it seems the identification is somewhat doubtful, and the

shells were probably Pazctum clappi Pilsbry. Genus Oreohelix Pilsbry.

Oreohelix strigosa Gould.

Helix strigosa GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 166, 1846 : Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 36, fig. 41, 1852.— Binney, L. and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Tj.p= '72,. 1869;

52 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Helix cooperi BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1858, p. 118; Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 78, figs. 132-137, 1869.

flelix haydeni Gass, Am. Journ. Conch., v, p. 24, pl. vil, fig. 1, 1869.

Anguispira brunert ANCEY, La Nature, 111, p. 468, Sept., 1881.

Oreohelix strigosa PiLsBry, Nautilus, xvi1, No. 11, p. 131, footnote, 1904.

Range. — Type at Spokane, Wash., also in the Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico to and somewhat beyond the 4gth parallel westward from the Lake of the Woods.

Var. coopert, Lake of the Woods, and westward to the Rockies near the 49th parallel.

Var. stantoni Dall (1905). Thirty-three miles southeast of Medi- cine Hat, Assiniboia, near top of Cypress Hills, altitude 4,700 feet ; latitude about 49° 30, west longitude 110° 10’.

The variety staxtonz is dwarfed, measuring in maximum diameter 10.0, minimum 8.5, and height 8.0 mm., with about five whorls, a peripheral brown band with a narrower one above and sometimes others on the base, the remainder ashy, rudely incrementally striate, with rounded periphery and deep narrow (1 mm.) umbilicus. It is very similar to some varieties of the European HZ. vzrgata Da Costa. Eight specimens were collected by Dr. T. W. Stanton in 1903.

A large number of names, varietal and other, have been given to the mutations of this species, which barely enters the region covered by this memoir, at its southern border near the Rocky Mountains. The group is viviparous, and the young attain a large size before extrusion.

Genus Helicodiscus Morse.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Flelix lineata SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 18, 1819.—GouLp, Inv. Mass., p. 179, fig. 103, 1841.—Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 546, fig. 44, 1867.

Planorbis parallelus Say, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 164, 1821.

Flelicodiscus lineatus MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 25, figs. 61, 62, pl. u, fig. 3; pl. vu, fig. 63, 1864.— BinNEy, Man. Am. Landsh.,

Pp. 75, figs. 34-37 A, 1885. Range. — New Mexico to Manitoba, New England to California. Reported as rare in Manitoba by Hanham.

Fic. 36. Helicodiscus lineatus, shell and animal (magnified).

FAMILY ENDODONTIDA 53

Genus Punctum Morse.

Punctum pygmeum Draparnaud.

Helix pygm@a DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., p 114, pl. viru, figs. 8, 9, 10, 1805.

Helix minutissina Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 17; Proc., 11, p. 82, 1841. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 1v, p. 100, pl. Lxxvil, figs. 6, 7, 1859. — MorsE, Am. Nat., I, p. 546, fig. 46, 1867.

Punctum minutissinum MOoxsE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 27, figs. 69, 70, pl. vill, fig. 71, 1864.

Microphysa pygma@a BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 71, figs. 31-33, 1885.

Punctum pygmaum PILssry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh , p. 33, 1898.

Range.— United States generally; Quebec; Manitoba; Victoria,

Vancouver Island. Europe.

*Punctum randolphi Dall.

Pyramidula ? randolphi DALL, Nautilus, v1, p. 130, Mar., 1895. Punctum randolphi Pitssry, Nautilus, 1x, p. 18, June, 1895. — DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxIv, p. 500, pl. xxv, figs. 7, 8, 9, 1902. Range. — Seattle, Wash. Probably exists throughout the Puget Sound region and adjacent British Columbia.

Punctum clappi Pilsbry.

Punctum clappi Picspry, Nautilus, x1, p. 133, Apr., 1898 ; Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 33, 1898.

Range. — Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island.

Salem, Wash.; Tacoma, Wash.; Seattle, Wash.; Nanaimo and Comox, Vancouver Island.

This is probably the shell which has been reported as P. asteriscus Morse, from Vancouver Island and Tacoma. It has not been figured.

Punctum conspectum Bland.

Flelix conspecta BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 163, fig. 7, 1865. Zonttes conspectus BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 121, 1873 ; Man. Am. Landsh., p. 86, fig. 51, 1885. Punctum conspectum PiLspry, Nautilus, x1, p. 133, Apr., 1898 ; Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 1898. Range.— West America from middle California northward, and east to the west slope of the Rocky Mountains. Kamchatka. California! Oregon; Washington; Puget Sound region generally ; Victoria, British Columbia! Departure Bay, Vancouver Island! Sitka! Chilkoot Inlet and valley; Chilkat Inlet und valley; Coal Harbor! Unga Island, Shumagins; Unalaska! Alaska. Petropav- lovsk ! Kamchatka (Dall).

54 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

The most common of the minute species in Alaska; often found in numbers under bits of cast-off leather and chips near the tops of beaches. The Kamchatkan specimens are beyond suspicion.

Genus Sphyradium Charpentier.

Sphyradium edentulum Draparnaud.

Pupa edentula DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., p. 59, pl. 111, figs. 28, 29, 1805.

Pupa simplex GouLp, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 403, pl. I, fig. 21, 1840; Inv. Mass., p. 190, fig. 121, 1841.

Vertigo simplex STIMPSON, Shells of N. Engl., p. 53, 1854. Morse, Am. Nat., 1, p. 670, figs. 67, 68, 1868. —BINNEy, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 191, fig. 195, 1885.

Pupa alticola INGERSOLL, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Survey of the Terr., No. 2, p. 128, 1875 ; ed. 11, p. 391, fig., 1876. — BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 174, fig. 166, 1885.

Pupa columella ‘‘ BENSON,"' var. gredleri CLESSIN, from Alaska, is probably S. edentulum,

Range.— Northern Europe, Asia and America.

Canada; heights of 8,000 to 9,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado! Un- gava Bay, Labrador! Laggan, Alberta; Vancouver Island at Comox, Nanaimo and Victoria; Kukak Bay,Peninsula of Alaska ! Popof Island! Shumagin Islands; Rooluk Island near Unalga Pass, Aleutians! Port Clarence, Alaska! Petropavlovsk! Kam- chatka (Dall).

This species has a wide distribution and considerable synonymy.

Fic.37. Sphyradium eden- fulum (magnified).

UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES.

The following FHfelictd@ are tncerteé sedis.

Flelix rudis J. de C. Sowerby in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., WI, app., p- 315, 1836. Nude name.

‘¢ Lake Superior, Winnipeg and Saskatchewan River.”

Felix attenuata J. de C. Sowerby, of. czt., p. 315, 1836. Nude name.

‘¢ Lake Superior, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan River.”

Flelix belcheri Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. London, for 1845, p. 128; Mon. Helic. Viv., 1, p. 104; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Mon. He/zx, pl. 190, fig. 1328.

This species, supposed to have been collected by Capt. Belcher, during his voyage to the Northwest Coast of America, has not been recognized from that quarter since; and probably, like many other

FAMILY SUCCINEID 4& 55

species brought home by Belcher from time to time, had got wrongly labelled.

Family SUCCINEIDE.

Genus Succinea Draparnaud.

Succinea DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Moll., pp. 32, 55, 1801; Hist. des Moll. Terr., pp. 24, 29, 58, 1805. Helix putris Linné and S. oblonga Drap.; Blainville, Man., I, p. 455, 1825.

< Amphibulima LAMARCK, Ann. du Museum, VI, p. 304, 1805; Ist sp. A. cuculata Lam. = patu/a Brug. Froriep, Lam. Syst. Conch., p. 19, 1807.

< Amphibulimus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., 1, p. 90, 1810.

Lucena OKeEN, Lehrb. d. Naturg., Il, pp. x, 311, 312, 1815; Swccinea putris (L.) Draparnaud.— HARTMANN, in Sturm, Fauna Deutschl., v1, pp. 27, 40, 54, 1821, L. pulchetia Hartmann, sole ex. Not of Hart- mann Neue Alpina, 1, p. 208. —MO6rcu, Vidensk. Medd., p. 296, 1864.

Amphibulina HARTMANN, in Sturm, Fauna Deutschl., vi, pp. 42, 55, 1821; ist sp. Helix putris L.

Amphibina HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, I, p. 208, 1821. — M6rcu, Syn. Moll. Dan., p. 33, 1864; Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob., p. 295, 1864; Ist sp. S. Dpfeiffert Réssm.

< Cochlohydra Férussac, Tabl. Syst., pp. Xxxu, 26, 1821.

Succinia GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2nd ed., p. 110, 1840.

Tapada STUDER, Syst. Verz., p. 11, 1820.

Succinga DESHAYES, Encyc. Méth., 11, p. 18, 1830, passim.

> Helisiga Lesson, Voy. Coquille, p. 316, 1829, 47. sanctehelene Lesson, H. and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 130, 1855.

> Helisigna Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., Iv, pp. 55, 113, 1859.

Neritostoma MOxcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob., for 1863, p. 294, 1864, Ist sp. S. puiris L.

Tapada ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 55, 1850.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., Iv, pp. 803, 808, 1859.

> Brachyspira PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., Iv, pp. 803, 804, 1859. Not of Ehrenberg, 1858.

< Truella PEASE, P. Z. S., 1871, pp. 459, 472; type 7. elongata Pease.

Neritostoma WESTERLUND, Fauna d. Pal. Reg., , Vv, pp. 1, 2, 1885; S. putris L.

Oxyloma WESTERLUND, of. cit., pp. 1, 7, 1885 ; S. dunkert (Zelebor).

Amphibina WESTERLUND, of. cit., pp. I, 8, Ist sp. S. e/egans Risso.

Lucena WESTERLUND, of. c?t., pp. I, 14, Ist sp. S. od/onga Draparnaud.

This genus has been divided into sections on the basis of the den- ticulation of the jaw, as follows : Jaw without denticulations. Oxyloma (hungarica). Jaw with a single median denticle. Amphibina ( pfeiffert). Jaw with a minute median denticle. Lzcena (oblonga). Jaw with three denticles Verctostoma. = Succineas.s.

According to this scheme S. avara is an Amphibina, S. tottentana atypical Szcczxea, while S. oval’s (Say) Morse has seven denticles and is unprovided for. The differences among the few species which

56 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

have been examined are so great that it is probably better to await a more thorough knowledge of all the species, in the light of which we can judge better whether this character has any systematic value or not. Our American species resemble one another so closely that it seems hardly likely that there are any fundamental differences between them.

Succinea oregonensis Lea.

Succinea oregonensis LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 32, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 5, 1844. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 1, p. 77, pl. LXVII, fig. 2, 1851.— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II, p. 235, pl. (11) xvu, fig. 18, 1866. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 270, fig. 485, 1869.

Range. — California (to 6,500 feet alt.) , Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.

Victoria, B. C.! Wallawalla, Wash. !

This species on the Pacific Coast takes the place in the fauna occupied in the East by S. avara Say, which it much resembles. The S. ‘ oregonensis’ reported from Winnipeg by Hanham was probably a variety of avara. The surface has a silky unpolished appearance, from the very fine close wrinkles with which it is covered, and which are characteristic.

Succinea retusa Lea.

Succinea retusa LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 117, pl. x1x, fig. 86, 1837. —W. G, Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am.,1, p. 256, fig. 454, 1869. Succinea ovalis GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 194, fig. 125, 1841, not of Say, 1817. Succinea haydent var, minor W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 256, 1869. TRyON, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 236, 1866. Succinea decampi TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., II, p. 237, pl. xvi, fig. 23, 1869. — BINNEY, @. ¢., p. 257. Lange. — Northern United States, from Kentucky Fic. 38. Sue- northward to Canada and British America. cinea retusa Lea. In Manitoba at Carberry, Lake of the Woods and Pembina Mountain; in Alberta at Laggan and Red Deer. Ungava, Labrador! James Bay at Moose Factory ! Lower Sas- katchewan near Lake Winnipeg! Norway House; York Factory; Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! Yukon River near old Fort Yukon, Alaska! Stewart River, Yukon district ! Dall River, north of the Yukon! Duncan Bay, Discovery Passage, British Columbia. A widespread and abundant species identified by comparison of the typical specimens or cotypes furnished by the author to the National Museum.

FAMILY SUCCINEIDZZ 57

Succinea hawkinsi Baird.

Succinea hawkinst BARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 68, 1863. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 268, fig. 481, 1869.

Range. — British Columbia and eastward to Manitoba.

Lake Osoyoos, B. C.; Sitka, Alaska! Carberry, Manitoba! not common.

A large species with a produced oblique aperture and acute spire. Quite close to S. s¢ldiémané Bland.

Succinea avara Say.

Succinea avara SAY, Rep. Long's Exped., 11, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 6, 1824.

Succinea vermeta Say, New Harmony Diss., 1, No.15, 1829. —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p. 233, pl. (11) Xv, fig. 10, 1866.

Succinea wardiana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., I, p. 31, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 3, 1844.— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 233, pl. (11) Xv, fig. 12, 1866.

Succinea avara BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 262, fig. 468, 1869. Fic. 39. Suc-

Range. — North America east of the Rocky Moun- ¢#”e@ avara tains from Texas to N. Lat. 62°.' Say.

Lac des Mille Lacs to Lake of the Woods; lower Saskatchewan near Lake Winnipeg! Two Creeks, Manitoba; Laggan, Red Deer, Olds, and McLeod, Alberta; Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River in N. Lat: 62°!

Succinea gronlandica Beck.

Succinea grinlandica BECK, Index, p. 99, 1837 ; nude name. —MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Grénl., p. 4, 1842.—MO6rcuH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 31, pl. Il, fig. 10, 1868. —BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 265, fig. 474, 1869.— PossELT, Consp. Faunz Gronl., p. 263, 1898.

Range.—Iceland and Greenland. This species is rather close to retusa Lea but seems sufficiently dis- tinct to be retained.

Succinea grosvenori Lea.

Succinea grosvenori LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1864, p. 109; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n.s., vi, p. 179, pl. XxIv, fig. 108, 1866. —BiINNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 260, fig. 462, 1869. Range. — North America, east of the Rocky Mts.

from Louisiana to British America but not far east of

Geese) Pe -“the Mississippi. cimead grosvenore’ . ° . ee Wood Mt., Manitoba; Egg Lake and Red Deer, in

Alberta; upper Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson ! 1 Succtnea verrilli Bland (1865, Binney, L. and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 264, fig. 472) is probably either the young or a dwarf form of this species. It is from Anticosti Id.

58 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

The distribution indicated by the literature is rather odd for a shell ranging so far south, but there is no way of clearing up the doubt at present.

Succinea rusticana Gould.

Succinea rusticana GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 11, p. 187, 1846; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 28, fig. 29, 1852. Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p- 236, pl. (11) xv, fig. 19, 1866.— BinneEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 269, fig. 483, 1869.

Range. — Tulare valley, Calif., northward to British Columbia ; the variety a/askana to Alaska.

Comox, Vancouver Island, B. C.! Sumas Prairie, Fraser River valley, B. C.!

Variety alaskana Dall,nov. Flats near St. Michael, Alaska! Point Romanof! Unalaska! St. Paul, Kadiak Id.!

The Alaskan form is polished, of an olive greenish tinge, with rather inconspicuous lines of growth; with 3 tumid whorls, the general form of rusticana as figured by Binney, but shorter and more tumid; length 10, max. diam. 8, length of aperture 6.5 mm. This may prove, with more material, to be a distinct species.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea.

Succinea nuttalliana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1, p. 32, 1841. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 11, p. 81, pl. Lxvu, a, fig. 4, 1851.—W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 269, fig. 484, 1869.

Range. — Oregon, California, Washington and British Columbia.

Victoria, Vancouver Island, B. C.

This species was also reported by Randolph from the Lewes River,

Yukon Territory, but in this case the shell was probably the quite

similar S. retusa Lea.

Succinea obliqua Say.

Succinea obligua Say, Rep. Long's Exp., 1, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 7, 1824. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 265, fig. 475, 1869.

? Succinea ovalis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 15, 1817. Not S. ovadis Gould.

Succinea campestris GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 195, fig. 126, 1841.— Der Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Moll.; p: 53; pl. Iv, fig. 54, 1843.

Succinea greeri TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 232 pl. (11) xvi, fig. 8, 1866.

Range.—¥rom Louisiana to Hudson Bay and Fic. 41. Suc- eastward to New England and Gaspé, but not west cinea obligua. of the Mississippi Valley.

FAMILY LYMNEID/E 59

Lac des Mille Lacs to Lake of the Woods! Halifax, N. S.; Duf- ferin, Manitoba; Lake Winnipeg! Moose Factory, James Bay; Peace River, Athabaska! Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! Balena Bay, Newfoundland !

If the identification with Say’s unfigured ova/zs were beyond dispute, the latter name is prior and would have to be adopted.

Succinea chrysis Westerlund.

Succinea chrysts WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. D. Mal. Ges., 1883, p. 51; Vega Expd. Vetensk. Iakttag., Iv, p. 198, pl. 11, fig. 10, 1885.

Succinea annexa \WESTERLUND, Vega Expd., p. 199, pl. 11, fig. 11, 1885.

Succinea chrysis var. auredia VON MARTENS, Conch. Mitth., , p. 184, pl. XXXIII, figs. 21-22, 1885.

Succinea lineata WW. G. BiNNEy, Man. Am. Landsh., app., p. 473, fig. 515, 1885, not S. Zéneafa W. G. B., 1857.

Range. — Boreal America from Greenland to Bering Strait, and on the opposite shore of the Strait.

Greenland (Posselt); Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River; water- shed of the Yukon, near Dawson, Yukon Territory! 30 miles below the Tanana River mouth on the Yukon, Alaska! the Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon! Nulato! Andreafski! and the Yukon delta! Point Romanof! shores of Norton Sound at Egg Island! Besboro Island! Cape Denbigh! Norton Bay! Golofnin Bay! Port Clarence! Konyam Bay on the Asiatic shore of Bering Strait; St. Michael! St. Mathew! St. Paul! and St. George! Islands, Bering Sea; north end of Nunivak Island! the Aleutian chain! Unalaska! Kadiak Island ! Sitka! At Chilkat Inlet, Alaska, Krause obtained the variety aureléa von Martens.

This is the commonest and largest land shell of the boreal American region, passing through many mutations, but easily recognizable in all of them; often with a rich coloration varying from olive brown to orange and usually lineated with more opaque lighter axial streaks. I do not regard it as identical with the S. Z7zeata of W. G. Binney, though the species have some characters in common.

Family LYMNAZIDZ.

Genus Lymnza Lamarck.

Limnea cochlea LINNE, Fauna Svecica, ed. I, pp. 374, 376, 1746 (not binomial).

Vesica (ex parte) ANONYMOUS, Mus. Calon., p. 58, 1797; Helix stagnalis (and amaru/a) Linné.

Helix (sp.) Linnfé, Gmelin, Bolten in Mus. Bolt., p. 109, 1798.

60 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Lymn@a LAMARCK, Prodr. Nouv. Clas. Coq., p. 75, 1799; Syst. des An. s. Vert., p. 91, 1801, Helix stagnalis Linné.

Limneus DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, pp. 30, 47, 1801, no type cited ; Hist., pp. 25, 28, 48, 1805.—GossE, Nat. Hist. Moll., p. 86, 1854.— Turton, Man., p. 127, 1831, type ZL. stagnalis L.

> Galba SCHRANK, Fauna Boica, III, pt. 2, pp. 262, 285, 1803; sole ex. Z. truncatula Miller.

Lymmne@a Roissy, Hist. Nat. Moll., v, p. 345, 1805. — Lamarck, Encycl. Méth., pl. 459, 1816. —SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 199, 1817.—LAMARCK, An. Ss... Vert.; Vi, 2, (D> 157, 1o22:

Lymne@us Cuvier, Regne An., Il, p. 412, 1817. ;

Lymnus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., 11, p. 262, 1810, L. stagnalis L.

Lymnea Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mér., Iv, p. 94, 1826; 1st sp. L. pereger (Miller). Not Zymmnea Rafinesque, Pisces, 1815.

> Radix MontFortT, Conch. Syst., u, p. 266, 1810. Felix auricularia Linné, sole ex.—M6rcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., p. 302, 1864.

Limnea FLEMING, Hist. Brit. An., p. 273, 1828.

Limn@a DESMAREST, Rapp., Soc. Philom. Paris, 1812.— BLAINVILLE, Malac, I, p. 448, 1825.— Beck, Index, p. 110, 1838. — MoquiIn TANnpbon, Hist., Nat. Moll. France, 1, p. 458, 1855.

Lymneus BRARD, Hist. des Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 133, pl. 5, 1815.— Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 167, 1821.

> Lymnula RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Phys., LXXXVIII, p. 423, 1819 ; = Lym- nea of Authors, fide Rafinesque, 1. c.

> Omphiscola RAFINESQUE, Of. cit., p. 423, 1819. No species cited, but the only Ohio shell corresponding even moderately to the diagnosis is ZL. reflexa Say.

> Gulnaria LEACH, Proofsheets, pp. 146, 148, 1819 ; fide Turton, Man., p. 117, 1831.—GRray’s Turton, p. 232, 1840.—Gray, P. Z.S., 1847, p. 180; type L. auricularia (Linné).

Stagnicola LEACH, Proofsheets, pp. 141, 145, 1819.— JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans. XVI, I, p. 376, May 29, 1830, ZL. Palustris Miiller.—Turton, Man., pp. 121-124, Oct., 1831.—GrRAy’s Turton, pp. 237-242, 1840.—Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 180; no type cited.— Lracu, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. IoI, 1852, 1st sp. LZ. glaber (Miller). Not Stagnico/a Brehm, Aves, Dec., 1830.

Auricularia FABRICIUS, Fortegnelse, p. 94, 1823 (nude name), not of Blain- ville, 1816.

> Omphiscola BECK, Index, p. 110, 1838, Z. glabra (Miiller).— H. and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 255, 1855 ; not Omphzscola Raf., 1819.

>Limnophysa FITZINGER, Syst. Verz., p. 112, 1833; type L. palustris (Miller). — Beck, Index, p. 110, 1838.—M6rcu, Vidensk. Medd., p. 298, 1864.

> Leptolimnea SWAINSON, Malac., p. 338, 1840; Z. elongata Sowerby, = L. glaber (Miiller).— Mércu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., p. 298, 1864.

Adelina CANTRAINE, Mal. Méd., 1, p. 155, 1841; type 4. e/egans Cantraine, not Adelina Chevrolat, Coleopt., 1833.

Leachia JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans., XVI, II, p. 519, 1833, not of Risso, 1829, or Lesueur, 1821, L. stagnalis (Linné).

> Bulimnea HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., part 3, p. 6, July, 1841 ; type Lzmmnea megasoma (Say) Haldeman. Not of H. and A. Adams.

> Acella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., part 3, p. 6, July, 1841; type Limnea gracilis (Say) Haldeman.

> Pleurolinnea MEEK, Checkl. N. Am. Fos. Eocene, pp. 9, 34, 1866 ; Rep. Inv. Foss. Upper Missouri, p. 533, 1876; type P. tenutcostata Meek and Hayden (Eocene).

FAMILY LYMNAIDE 61

> Polyrhytis MEEK, Rep. Inv. Fos. Upper Missouri, p. 532, 1876; type Limnea kingt Meek (Pliocene).

> Omphiscola MEEK, Rep. Inv. Fos. Upper Missouri, p. 533, 1876; type Limnea glabra (Miller) ; not of Rafinesque.

Omphalia ‘*Ra¥.,’’ Meek, of. cit., p. 532, in syn.; evr. pro Omphiscola Rafinesque.

? Erinna H. and A. ApAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 644, 1858; type £. newcomb: Adams.

> Neritostoma H. and A. ADAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., u, p. 253, 1855, Ist sp. L. auricularia (Linné). Not of Mérch, 1864.

? Velutinopsis SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 700, 1875, type Limnea velutina Desh. (Lower Pliocene).

> Leptolimneus SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 787, 1875 ; sole ex. cited Z. g/aber (Miiller).

Eulimneus SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, pp. 787, 844, 1875 ; sole ex. cited L. s/agnatlis (L).

> Fossaria WESTERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg., v, p. 49, 1885 ; LZ. truncatula (Miiller) ; Acta Soc. Sci. Slav. Merid., CLI, p. 118, 1902.

> Tanousia BourGuiGNat, in Servain, Hist. Mal. du Lac Balaton, 1881.1 Type ZL. zrmanj@ Brusina; Westerlund, of. cit., p. 53, 1885, p. 118, 1902.

> Lymnophysa (FITZINGER) Hazay, Mal. Blatt., 2d ser., 11, p. 163, 1881.

> Limnus DyBowsk1, Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Xvi, p. 113, March, 1903, not of Agassiz, nom., 1847.

> Omphalolimnus Dysowskt, Nachrichtsbl. d. d. Mal. Ges., Sept.—Oct., 1903, XXXV, p. 143, 1903. Type ZL. /agorit Dybowski; Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.,, XVIll,, p: 113, 1903:

> Physastra TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Genov., XIx, p. 245, 1883. Type P. vestita T.-C., of. cit., p. 246. New Guinea.

> Zagrabica BRUSINA, Beitr. Pal. Oest.-Ung., 1884, Z. saticotdes Brus. — WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., CLI., p. 119, 1902.

Not Zimnea Poli, Test. Utr. Sicil., 1, p. 31, 1791, UH, p. 253, 1795 (not binomial).

The genus Lymnea as now understood is due to Lamarck, though several authors, including Westerlund as late as 1885, have given credit for it to Bruguiere. This has probably arisen from a failure to observe the dates of the different livraisons which contained the plates of the Encyclopédie Meéthodique. The plate containing the name Lymnea was not issued until 1816 (though often cited as 1791), and then it was under the supervision of Lamarck, Bruguiére having nothing to do with it. The name ZLymne@a had already been used by Poli, in 1791, for the animal of various unrelated bivalves, but his ingenious quadrinominal system takes the work of Poli out of the category of those which can be cited in nomenclature, except historically.

1 The multitude of group names used for mutations of Lymnc@a stagnalis and other species by Servain in his ‘ Lake Balaton’ paper, can hardly be regarded as having entered into systematic nomenclature, as they are groups of less value than species, and physiological rather than hereditary, according to Hazay.

62 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

The name Lymnea has been spelled in many different ways, the most correct being Lzne@ea, but there seems to be no good reason for changing the original form, especially as no derivation was given by Lamarck. The Helix stagnalis of Linné, being the only species mentioned, necessarily becomes the type.

Four years after Lamarck, Schrank gave the name Gadéa to a species which was without doubt the Buccinum truncatulum of Miiller. It has been referred to B. palustre Miiller, but a scrutiny of the very careful description of both shell and animal reveals that it agrees with no local species of the group except a young ¢runcatula. A little later Montfort separated the Z. a@uricularia group under the name of Radzx, and in 1819 Rafinesque, in a summary of the forms collected on the Ohio River, proposed Omphiscola for species which have the peristome reflected over the pillar and body with an umbilical chink between the reflection and the body of the shell. He cites no species, but of the Ohio species only ZL. reflexa Say can be said to agree with the diagnosis. This character is however of minor impor- tance. Rafinesque’s name has been applied to several European species but without adequate grounds, since there is no species of the Radix group known in any part of the Ohio system.

The name Stagnicola Leach was cited in synonymy by Jeffreys in 1830, in connection with Z. palustris (Miiller) , thus antedating Lzm- nophysa Fitzinger, 1833, based on the same type. Stagnicola was used by Brehm for a bird in December, 1830, but Jeffreys’ paper was issued May 29. Both these names have been loosely used in the lit- erature, but must be restricted to the typical and original forms. If the columnar species like Z. g/ader be separated in a section by them- selves, Leptolimmea Swainson appears to be the first available name. Erinna Adams is a Limneid modified for existence on rocks in rapid streams and waterfalls, the peristome being continued over the body and behind the broad excavated pillar, and the spire shortened, so that the animal may cling tightly to its situs. The descriptions of this form are rather misleading, the so-called ‘lamina’ being merely the pillar. The fossil Velut/nopszs is more like Choanomphalus than Lymnea, judging by the figures. The description of Zanousza reads as if it was founded upon an abnormal or monstrous specimen. The reversed physiform Lysn@a of the South Sea Islands will be included under Physastra Tapparone-Canefri; a species from Hawaii which is dextral but may be otherwise similar, has recently been shown by Pilsbry to have a somewhat different radula from the ordinary Lym- nea of north Europe and America.

FAMILY LYMN/EID4E 63

Dybowski has recently applied the name Omphalolimnus to a species of Lymnea from the Crimea, which in outline resembles Z. stagnalis var. arenaria Colbeau, but which instead of having the axis pervious and the pillar gyrate, as in most species of this type, has the subumbilicate base and raised inner lip of the Aadzx section, to which his Z. /agorz¢ probably belongs, although it has a more ele- vated spire than most of the species of this section, being in this re- spect intermediate between the latter and Lymnc@a proper.

The existence of fresh water shells in lakes or ponds where the water, through evaporation, is gradually becoming more alkaline, has been shown to be accompanied, in the lake-beds of the Great Basin of the western United States, by a tendency to solidification, thickening and corrugation or ribbing of the shells, regardless of their systematic relations. This goes on until the alkalinity becomes so great that mol- luscan life is no longer possible. We find in the fresh water Pliocene beds of Utah, Lymnaea, Pompholyx, Carinifex, Physa and Planorbis exhibiting these changes as we ascend in the beds, until the latter be- come barren of life. To these modifications we probably owe such forms as Polyrhytis, Pleurolimnea, Vortictfex, etc. I have shown in another place’ how such factors may be supposed to act in the case of land shells exposed to alkaline dust on tropical islands such as the Galapagos. While such changes are the result of the direct action of the environment on the individual, and not hereditary or evolutionary, it is nevertheless convenient to recognize the results in the systematic arrangement of the species.

Disregarding synonyms, which can be deduced from the preceding data, the general arrangement of the groups of the genus Lymne@a would be about as follows :

Subgenus Lymnea s. s.

Section Lymne@as.s. Shell thin, with an acute and slender spire and expanded last whorl; the axis twisted, forming a (usually per- vious) spiral coil without a true umbilicus; the callus on the body closely appressed; the outer lip flaring more or less, simple, sharp, normally without any varical thickening. Type Z. stagnalis (Linné). Holarctic. *

Section Bulimnea Haldeman. Shell large and solid, bulimiform, with an impervious axis, a twisted or subplicate pillar, the callus on the body and pillar closely appressed, and the outer lip not thickened or expanded. Type Lymne@a megasoma Say. Nearctic.

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., for 1896, pp. 406-426.

64 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Section Radzx Montfort. Shell thin, usually with a short spire and ample last whorl; the axis twisted but not gyrate, the outer lip often expanded, the inner one more or less elevated and continuous across the body, forming a more or less conspicuous umbilicus; the outer lip thin. Type Lymnea auricularia (Linné). Holarctic.

The umbilicus in this group varies from a mere chink to a rather large orifice through which a bristle may be passed nearly to the apex of the shell.

Section Cyclolimnea Dall,noy. Shell thin, involute, the last whorl as long as the shell, the outer lip thin, simple, not expanded, the inner lip appressed, the axis not plicate, but with a small umbilical chink. Type Lymnea tnvoluta Harvey. British. The mantle is said to be extended partly over the shell.

Section Polyrhytis Meek. Shell like Radzx, but axially strongly ribbed. Type Z. &émgz Meek. Pliocene, N. Am.

Section Ace//a Haldeman. Shell thin, smooth, acute, extremely slender; the aperture expanded at the margin, the inner lip not appressed, a moderate chink behind it, the axis gyrate, pervious, not plicate; the outer lip simple, sharp. Type Z. graczlis Jay. Nearctic.

Section Pleurolimnea Meek. Shell like Ace//a, but axially promi- nently ribbed. Type Z. texuzcostata Meek and Hayden. Eocene, N. Am.

Section Ga/éa Schrank. Shell turrited, the whorls gradually in- creasing, smooth; the last whorl not inflated; the aperture moderate ; the outer lip not expanded or thickened; the inner lip not appressed ; the pillar not twisted or plicate, the axis minutely umbilicate. Type L. truncatula (Miller). Holarctic.

Subgenus Stagnicola Leach.

Section Stagnicola s.s. Shell elongate, smooth, the whorls gradu- ally increasing, the last whorl moderate; the outer lip sharp, not ex- panded, with a varical thickening within, in the adult; the pillar dis- tinctly plicate, the inner lip appressed, the axis slightly or not at all perforate. Type Z. palustris (Miiller). Holarctic.

Section Leptoliémnea Swainson. Shell like Stagnizcola but more cylindrical, with numerous whorls and a small aperture. Type Z. glaber (Miller). Palearctic.

? Section Physastra Tapparone-Canefri. Shell like Stagnzcola but with a coarse dehiscent periostracum and coiled sinistrally. Type P. vestita T.-C. Polynesian.

FAMILY LYMNIDAE 65

Genus Erinna Adams.

Shell small, with a short spire, a large final whorl; the aperture with a continuous peristome which passes behind a broad somewhat excavated pillar; axis imperforate and the pillar not plicate. Type E. newcombi Adams. Hawaiian.

Incerteé sedis.

Velutinopsis Sandberger. Shell almost planorboid, with few, rounded, rapidly increasing whorls ; the aperture simple, suborbicular, the peristome sharp, simple, not reflected; the pillar lip broad, not appressed; the axis umbilicate. Type Z. veluténa Deshayes. Plio- cene of the Crimea.

Tanousia Bourguignat. Shell small ovate conic, closely and almost involutely coiled; the last whorl inflated, subcarinate behind, the aper- ture contracted. Type Z. zrmanj@ Brusina. Pleistocene of Dalmatia. The group was named Saxdrza by Brusina in 1885, fide Westerlund.

Zagrabica Brusina. Shell ventricose, with a short acute spire and few rounded whorls, rugose, umbilicate, the last whorl ample, with a rotund transverse aperture, and continuous peristome appressed on the columellar margin; the outer lip simple. The type is a Pleistocene fossil. A recent form from the Caspian has been referred to this group by Dybowski, under the name of Z. drusixiana.

I have not seen specimens, but the description reads as if the shell might be a member of the /@adzx group which has been modified by life in brackish water.

Lymneza stagnalis Linné.

felix stagnalis LInNé, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 774, 1758; ed. XII, p. 1249, 1767.

Lymnea stagnalis LAMARCK, Prodr., p. 75, 1799.

Lymnea jugularis Say, Art. Conchology, Nicholson’s Encyc., I (no pagina- tion), 1817 ; 3d ed. (p. 6), 1819. -HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 16, pl. Iv, 1841.

Lymnaa appressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1, p. 168, 1818. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 18, pl. v, 1842.

Limnea stagnalis W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 0, p. 25, figs. 28-32, 1865.

Range.

Europe, the Caucasus, western and northern Asia, the northern United States, Canada and British America.

Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg ! the Saskatchewan River ! Carberry, Manitoba; Moose Factory, James Bay ! Knee Lake, Keewatin! Slave River, 25 miles below Peace River! Great Slave Lake at Fort Rae! and Fort Resolution! Fort Simpson! and Fort Smith! on the Mac-

66 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

kenzie River; Fort Anderson, Lat. 68° N.! and Lake Harrison, Lat. 70° N! Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island! and Dall River, Lat. 66° N.! of the Yukon drainage in Alaska. The following additional localities are cited from the literature: York Factory, Keewatin, and the Nel- son River ; Egg Lake, Alberta; Red Deer, McLeod, and Olds; Lake Isle Lacrosse and Vermilion Lake ; Lake Osoyoos, B.C. (but replaced west of the Cascades by ZL. saumassiz, according to J. K. Lord) ; Syniakwateen Lake, B. C.; lakes in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska (Wossnessenski) ; Stewart River, Yukon district (Canadian Geol. Survey).

It seems unnecessary to cite the multitudinous varietal names bestowed on the mutations of this species in Europe. In a wide sense it is one of the most easily recognizable of fresh water shells, as it is one of the most conspicuous of circumboreal species.

Fic. 42. Lymnea stagnalis.

Lymnea petersi n. sp. Plate m, fig. 3.

Shell extremely thin, of five or more tumid rapidly enlarging whorls ; spire acute, the suture deep; whorls rounded, the periphery nearer the preceding suture; shell of a blackish brown, polished, finely sharply spirally striate; periostracum brownish, darker at resting stages ; aperture oval, a thin wash of callus on the body; pillar very thin, gyrate, the gyrations pervious; the outer lip not thickened. Height 16; max. diam. 8; height of aperture 8.5; width 5.2 mm.

Range. — Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon in Alaska; W. J. Peters of the U. S. Geological Survey.

This very delicate and pretty species appears to belong to the typical Lymnea in spite of its small size; it has much the aspect of a minute L. randolphi, but has more whorls in less than half the height, and is of quite a different color and without angularity to the whorls.

Lymneza atkaénsis Dall. Plate 1, figs. 8, ro. Limnea atkaénsis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vil, p. 343, 1884.

Range. — Lake on the island of Atka, Aleutian chain, near Korovin Bay.

Shell with about four ovate whorls rapidly increasing, of a dark olive sometimes purplish tint, very thin, malleated, microscopically reticulated, with obscure revolving ridges; the aperture ovate, not expanded, the margins thin, that on the pillar narrowly reflected;

FAMILY LYMNEIDZ 67

pillar gyrate, pervious, in the early whorls widely so, a condition concealed in the adult.

This form grows in a region containing little lime, and the shells are extremely thin and often eroded into holes, which exhibit the peculiarities of the axis by which the species is relegated to the typical Lymnezas, though externally it has much the appearance of a small Radix. The species has been figured in the newer portion of the Conchylien Cabinet, but I have not the reference at hand.

Adults measure :

Height. Max. Diam. Height of Aperture. Width. Whorls. 26.5 16.5 16.5 10.5 4 24.0 13.0 14.0 9.2 3% 17.0 11.5 11.2 7.5 4%

*Lymneza lepida Gould.

Linnea lepida GOuLD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., u, p. 211, 1847; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 121, figs. 141, 141a, 1852. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 0, p. 29, fig. 33, 1865. Range.—Lake Vancouver, Oregon (Wilkes) ; near Challis, Idaho (Merriam) ! A species existing near the boundary and doubtless — Fic. 43. Lym-

to be found in southern British Columbia. nea le pida Gould.

*Lymnza (Bulimnea) megasoma Say.

Lymne@us megasomus SAY, Rep. Long’s Exp., U, p. 263, pl. xv, fig. 10, 1824.— Kuster, Conch Cab., ed. 11, Limnea, p. 36, pl. vi, figs. 20, 21.

* Limnea megasoma HALDEMAN, Mon, ‘Limn., Pp: 13, pl: i, figs. 1-3, 1841. — WHITFIELD, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1, No. 2, p. 29, pl. v, 1882.

Limnea megastoma SOWERBY, Conch, Icon., xviu, pl. Il, fig. 12, 1872.

Limn@ea megalosoma SANDBERGER, Conch. d. Urw., p. 581, 1873.

Range.—Northern New England, Canada and

British America to Lat. 57° N.

Lake Superior! Vermilion Lake, H. B. T.; to

Etchimamish Lake, in Lat. 57° between the Nel-

Fic. 44. Lymnea son River and the Height vst Land, Keewatin; megasoma Say. Bois Blanc Lake, Manitoba !

The British American localities are cited from the literature, and except the last I have been unable to verify them by an examination of authentic specimens.

68 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Lymnza (Radix) mighelsi Binney.

Limne@a decollata M1iGHELS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 49, 1841. — MIGHELS and ADAMS, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 336, pl. Iv, fig. 13 (four views), 1842.

Limnea catascopium HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 52, 1842; not of Say.

Limneus decollatus KtstER, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, Mon. Limn., p. 45, pl. vill, figs. 11-14, 1862.

Limnea ampla MIGHELS, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 347, pl. xvI, figs. 1a-1c, April, 1843; not of Hartmann, 1842.—Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 30, figs. 34-35, 1865.

Limnea mighelst, W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 31, foot- note, 1865.

Limnea angulata SOwERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi11, Mon. Limnea, pl. vu, fig. 47, Dec., 1872.

Limnea emarginata Say, var. mighelst BINNEY, Nylander, Distr. of Limnea, etc., pls. I-IV, IgoI.

Range. — Aroostook Co., Maine; Province of Quebec; northern Michigan ?

Aroostook Co., Maine! Brome Lake, Province of Quebec! Lake Namakan, north of Lake Superior, western Ontario; Lake of the Woods, Manitoba.

The earliest name of this species is decol/ata, which was applied to a stunted variety living in acidulous water which destroyed the early whorls. This name, however, being quite inapplicable to the normal shell, would best be kept for the shells to which it was applied, and retained in a varietal sense. After an examination of Say’s types of ZL. emarginata 1 am quite confident, as species go in Lymnea, that it is distinct from the present form, which I have never

seen from the Western region. This species, Z. Fic. 45. Lym-

: mtighelsi, is apparently a representative of Radix nea mighelst, }. Se ? Re My Pp .

while the thickening of the outer lip internally in L. emarginata var. canadensis \eads to the suspicion that it 4S related to Stagnicola. Owing to the manner in which various forms of emarginata have been summarily united with L. mzghelst by rep- utable students, I shall on the present occasion waive this doubt and proceed to its immediate consideration. It may, however, be pointed out that W. G. Binney seems to have been of the same opinion when, in 1865, he placed Z. emarginata in the same group as L. palustris.

Lymnea (Stagnicola?) emarginata Say.

Lymneus emarginatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 170, 1821; Long’s Exp. Rep., 11, p. 263, 1824 (Maine).

? Limneus emarginatus Say, Am. Conch., VI, pl. 55, fig. 1, 1834.

Limneus ontartensis MUHLFELDT in Kiister, 1862, fide W. G. Binney, of. ca., p- 52, 1865.

FAMILY LYMN AIDA 69

Limnea emarginata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 10, pl. I, figs. 4-5, 1841.

? Limnea serrata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 12, pl. I, fig. 7, 1841 (path- ologic specimen, figure copied by Binney, of. ci¢., p. 52, fig. 78).

Limnea scalaris WESTERLUND, Vega Exp. Vet. Iakt., Iv, p. 201, pl. Iv, fig. 13, 1885. Not Z. scalaris A. Braun, 1853, or Sowerby, 1872.

Limne@a canadensis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, Mon. Limin@a, pl. vu, figs. 45, a—, 1872.

Range. — Northern United States east of the Mississippi, Canada, and northwestward.

Lakes in northern Maine (Say)! Lake Champlain and Ontario ; Crooked Lake, Emmet Co., Michigan! English River, Keewatin, Hudson Bay! Port Clarence, Alaska (Vega Expd.).

After considerable study I have been forced to the conclusion that several species were identified under this name by Say himself, as well as others. Say’s figure is wretched and does not represent the typical form from Maine, as at first described. The latter is apparently represented by specimens labelled by Say himself, still preserved in the Academy at Philadel-

phia, and which must be regarded as typical. The F's. 46. Lym- nea emargtnata

shell is small, with an acute spire ; one of the specimens Sa ay.

has the suture deeply impressed, but not the others, which seem more normal. Westerlund’s figure fairly represents the species; Sowerby’s ZL. canadensis, judging from specimens com- pared with the types by Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum, is probably the same, though the shells are heavier and larger, with the lip thickened internally, and a marked umbilicus. I should not, in default of this comparison and if obliged to depend on Sowerby’s figures, have felt justified in uniting them.

Lymnea (Radix) binneyi Tryon.

Limnea binneyt Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 229, pl. xxul, fig. 3, 1865 (Hellgate River, Oregon).

Limnea ampla Tryon, Mon. Freshw. Univ. Moll., part 11, p. 91, 1872, ex parte, not of Mighels.

Range.— Northern United States west of Lake Huron and the adjacent British possessions.

Lake Higgins, southern Michigan! Lake Houghton, northern Mich- igan ! east of Fort Colville, Wash. ! Fort Vancouver, Columbia River ! Sumas Prairie, B. C.! Vancouver Island; Clear Lake, Athabaska, N. Lat. 56° ! Lake Isle Lacrosse, Athabaska ! English River, Manitoba !

This species appears to be quite recognizable but has been frequently distributed under the name of Z. swmassz or ampla, with the latter of

70 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

which Tryon himself at one time confounded it. It has a short spire with appressed or moderately conspicuous suture, ovate form, tumid whorls, pale color, well marked umbilicus, and fine spiral striation. The largest specimen I have seen measured 27 mm. high and 18 mm. in maximum diameter; but the average adult is about 24 x 15mm. I have not seen any specimens angulated at the shoulder.

Lymnza (binneyi var.?) preblei Dall, nov. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.

A shell which when young is almost identical with Z. d¢zneyz, and which may prove merely a giant growth of it, occurs in the Hudson Bay drainage. When full grown it has six whorls, with much the same contour as Bulimnea megasoma, the last whorl being much the largest, moderately expanded, and somewhat produced in front. The umbilicus is deep and partly hidden by the reflected pillar lip, which is continuous and more or less raised across the body. There is no fold onthe pillar. The surface, when in perfect condition, is minutely but sharply sagrinate by the intersection of axial and spiral stria, and is often malleate besides. The shell is nearly white or pale straw color.

Adults measure :

Whorls. Height. Max. Diam. Height of aperture. Diam. 6 37 23 22.5 13 mm. 5.5 38 26 26 LO}ce

Range.— English River, Manitoba (Kennicott) ! Knee Lake, Kee- watin (E. A. Preble) !

This form is remarkable for its size, its surface, and its deep umbil- icus. The resemblance of its profile to that of Z. megasoma is so marked that one wonders whether some of the records of the latter spe- cies from high northern localities may not have been based on specimens of this form. They are easily separated, however, if one pays attention to the other characters, and the present form probably never at- tains the solidity and rich coloration so characteristic of megasoma.

Fic. 47. Lym- Lymnea (Radix?) columella Say.

nea columella.

Lymnea columella Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 14, 1817. Lymneus columellus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 167, 1821. Limnea columella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 38, pl. xu, figs. 13-15, 1842. —BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 32 (ex parte), fig. 38, 1865.

FAMILY LYMNE£ID 71

Range.— Manitoba to New England, New Mexico, and Georgia.

Lake Superior! Lake Winnipeg (Rich) !

This attractive species is readily recognized by its Swcczea-like form and fine spiral sculpture. The synonymy as given by Binney and others seems to need revision. I am not of the opinion that this form belongs properly in the Radzx group, as it has several features in common with Stagzicola, notwithstanding the form of the shell. An anatomi- cal examination will decide the question.

Lymnza (Radix) randolphi F. C. Baker, Plate 1, figs. 3, 4. Lymnea randolphi BAKER, Nautilus, xvi11, No. 6, p. 63, Oct., 1904.

Shell large, thin, angulate or subangulate at the shoulder ; constricted strongly at the suture, narrowly and deeply umbilicate, whorls about four, rapidly increasing in size but frequently decollate ; when entire the spire is less in length than the aperture but the proportion is vari- able; in conformity with the sutural constriction the posterior angle of the aperture is usually somewhat narrow, the apertural margin con- tinuous over the body, with a narrow deep umbilicus over which the pillar lip may be reflected. The pillar is sometimes slightly sinuous but not plicate, the surface may be smooth and polished, malleated, spirally threaded or minutely reticulated by axial and spiral lines. The periostracum is pale, but usually has a dark line at resting stages ; the outer lip is hardly expanded though often a little patulous in front ; it is never internally thickened. Measurements :

Whorls. Height. Max. Diam. Height of aperture. Width. 3.5 31 19 18 11.6 mm. 4 41 23 24 15-5. °° 4 35 27 24 15.6 *

Range.— Lake near Cosmos River, north of the Kowak River, Alaska, about N. Lat. 68° (Lieutenant Stoney) ! Kowak River, Alaska (Stoney) ! Nushagak River, Alaska! Lake Marsh! and Lake Linde- man, Yukon Territory ! Lake La Hoche, British Columbia! East of Fort Colville, Wash. !

This form is very recognizable, with its angular whorls and deeply constricted suture. A specimen from near Fort Colville, figured by Binney as a possible variety of Z. swmassz Baird (of. czt., p. 43, fig. 58), may prove a feebly angulated and unusually short spired specimen of this species. Ihave received it under the names ampla, sumass?, etc., from several Pacific Coast correspondents, and a large number of mostly defective specimens were obtained by the expedition into northwestern

72 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Alaska commanded by Lieutenant Stoney, U. S. N. The true Z. sumasst Baird is apparently a Stagnicola, but the present species belongs to Aadzx. It is not in the least like ZL. mighelsi (ampla Mighels) though often given that name.

Lymnea (Acella?) kirtlandiana Lea.

? Limnea exilis LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 114, pl. x1x, fig. 82, 1837.

Fa se esi ih Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1, p. 33, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 12, 1842. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 67, 1865.

Limne@a lanceata GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., ut, p. 64, 1848. — AGassiz, Lake Superior, p. 244, pl. vu, figs. 8, 9, 1850. — Tryon, Mon. Limn., pt. 2, pp. 112-113, pl. xvilIl, figs. 10, 11, 1872.

Range. — Ohio to Nebraska, and northward. Poland, Ohio! Iowa River, Iowa! Apple Creek, Nebraska! Pic

Lake, north of Lake Superior, in western Ontario !

The original types of Lea’s Lemnea extiis are in the National Museum, and after a careful examina- tion of them I am inclined to believe that they are somewhat abnormal dead specimens of this species rather than a mutation of Z. reflexa, as supposed by

Binney; unless we extend Z. reflexa to cover the Fic. 48. Lym-

: . whole group, which seems to me unwarranted. Z. nea kirtlandt- group,

/anceata is an immature specimen of what was earlier called £értlandiana by Lea. The figures of both these forms in Binney’s work are uncharacteristic, especially that of

ana Lea.

lanceata, which shows nothing of the ‘‘ flatness of its whorls” re- ferred to by Gould in his remarks.

These shells have all the characteristics of Ace//a except that they are less fragile, larger, and darker colored. They have the gyrate pillar of Zymne@a and not the plicate columella of Stagzzcola, which in other respects they recall. Until an exhaustive anatomical and experimental study of these animals is made, all group-references must be merely tentative.

Lymnza (Galba) truncatula Miiller.

Buccinum truncatulum MULLER, Verm. Terr. et Fluv., U, p- 130, 1774 (Europe).

Limneus minutus DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, p. 51, 1801 ; Hist., p. 53, pl. 111, figs. 5-6, 1805 (France).

Limnea ferruginea HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., pt. 3, third page of cover, Mar. 13, 1841; pt. 4, p. 49, pl. 13, figs. 19, 20, 1842 (Oregon).

Range. — Europe, northern Asia and America.

FAMILY LYMNEIDE 73

Bering Id., Commander Islands, Bering Sea! Kadiak Island, Alaska! ponds near Yakutat Bay, Alaska (Kincaid) ! Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River (Kennicott) ! near Brandon, Manitoba (Christy) ! Oregon (Nuttall) ; Hannah Bay (out of James Bay) near Moose Factory !

Specimens absolutely identical with those from Eu- rope have been collected from the indicated localities.

It is quite likely that some of the specimens reported Fic. 49. Lym- nea truncatula Miller. (Euro-

pean specimen. )

by collectors under the name of hzm7l’s or des¢diosa may have belonged to this species. The form called ferruginea by Haldeman seems to differ only by having the pillar lip more closely appressed, a character which any large series will show to be inconstant in individuals among them- selves as well as in the same individual in different stages.

Lymneza (Galba) humilis Say. Lymneus humilis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 378, 1822 (South Carolina). Limnea humilis (SAY) HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 41, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1842 (syn. exclus.). — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 63, fig. 99, 1865. Range. —From Georgia and Kansas northward. Lake Superior; Lake Winnipeg; Brandon; and Pem- bina Mt., Manitoba.

Fic. 50. Lym- a . i 5 I have been unable to examine any authentic speci-

nea kumtlis — Say. (Typical.) ™ens from north of Lat. 49°, and the above localities

are cited from the literature.

Lymnza (Galba) desidiosa Say. Lymneus desidiosus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., m1, p. 169, 1821 (Cayuga Lake, N. Y.). Limneus desidiosus Say, Am. Conch., vi, pl. 55, fig. 3, 1834. Limnea desidiosa HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 31, pl. x, 1842 (ex farte).—BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 49, fig. 68, 1865. Fic. 51. Lym- Range.— Northern United States and northward. ”@¢d@esfdfosa Red Deer and McLeod, Alberta. Lower Saskatch- (94”#Ss@) Say. ewan near Lake Winnipeg; Brandon; Manitoba. Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia (J. K. Lord fide P. P. Carpenter).

The above localities are cited from the literature.

Lymnea (Galba) galbana Say.

Lymneus galbanus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 123, 1825 (New Jersey Pleistocene).

74 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Limnea galbana HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 51, pl. XIII, figs. 22, 23, 1842.

Limnea philadelphica LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., I, p. 32, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 8, 1844.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 50, fig. 71, 1865. (Philadelphia, Pa.)

Limnea traski TRyON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1863, p. 149, pl. 1, fig. 13, 1863. —BinNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 60, fig. 94, 1865.—TRYON, Mon. Limn., p. 119, pl. 17, fig. 3 (not p. 96, nor fig. 2), 1872. (Mountain Lake, near San Francisco, Calif.) Not Z. fraskii Lea, 1864, nor L. Jroxima Lea, 1856.

fange.— Pleistocene marls of Franklin, New Jer- sey ; of Anticosti Island! of Ottawa, Canada! and of the left bank of the Yukon River, Alaska, below old

Fort Yukon! Recent, at the Grand Rapids of the

Saskatchewan River, near Lake Winnipeg! Grind-

. 52. Lym- ; BGs 5217 8a Metone Creek, Nebraska! Centre City, Pennsylvania !

nea galbana i rs Say var. phila- Vancouver, Columbia River! and near Monterey,

delphica Lea. California! Alaska (von Martens); Attawapiskat River, S. E. Keewatin! (McInnes).

This small species has the spire acute and short, the last whorl dis- proportionately swollen and usually shouldered. It appears to have flourished during the melting of the glacial ice, and to the muddy waters of the period its peculiarities may be due. The recent form seems less abnormal on the average.

There are two species which have been called traskzz7—the pres- ent one, with which Tryon afterward mistakenly united Z. proxima Lea, a much larger species; and ZL. traskzz Lea, later called ¢ryonz and tryontana by Dr. Lea, which is a Stagnicola.

Lymnza (Galba) holbolli (Beck) Méller. Fic. 53. Lym-

Limnea (Limnophysa) holbolli BEcK, Index, p. 111, 1838; @a holbollt. nude name. Greenland.

Lymnea holbolli MOLLER, Index, Moll. Gronl., p. 5, 1842.

Limnea holbolli Mércu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 36, pl. Iv, fig. 8, 1868.

Range. — Godhaab, Greenland. This has the appearance of a large Z. trumcatula, but may be merely a depauperate variety of the next species.

Lymnza (Galba) vahlii (Beck) Moller.

Limnea (Limnophysa) vahlii Beck, Index, p. 111, 1838; nude name. Greenland.

Limne@a vahlii MOLLER, Index, Moll. Groénl., p. 4, 1842.

Limnea (Limnophysa) vahlit MORcH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 34, pl. Iv, figs. 1-7, 1868.

FAMILY LYMNEID/E 75

Limnea (Limnophysa) senegalensis BECK, Index, p. 111, 1838 (nude name), fide MORCH, of. cit., p. 35, footnote.

Limnea grinlandica (BECK, MS.) Jay, Cat. Coll., 1850, p. 269, No. 62098. — MOrcH, of. cit., p. 33.

Limnea millert BECK, Naturf. Vers. Kiel, p. 123, No. 4, nude name.—GERSrT- FELDT, Land and Sussw. Conch. Sibiriens, p. 37, 1859.

Lymnea pingelii (BECK) MOLLER, Index Moll. Gronl., p. 5, 1842. — MOrcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, v. 35, 1868, e¢ vars. nitida et solidula et malleata Morch, @. ¢.

Lymnea wormskioldi Beck, Naturf. Vers., Kiel, p. 123, No. 7, nude name. — Mo6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 35, pl. rv, fig. 6, 1868.

Limnea vahlii var. leucostoma Moxcu, Prod. Moll. Grénl., p. 4, No. 11 8; also var. minor MORCH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 34, 1868.

Limnea vahlii var. elongata MOLLER (MS.), in Mérch, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 40, pl. Iv, fig. 1, 1868.

Limnea arctica LEA, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, p. 160, pl. xxrv, fig. 75, 1866. Hudson Bay.

Range. — Greenland to Alaska and south to Minnesota and British

Columbia.

Ft. Resolution! and Ft. Rae, Great Slave Lake! Moose River, at

Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! Greenland (many localities) | Ungava,

Labrador! Weatoga, Canada! Minnesota (Lapham) ! Stewart and

Fic. 54. Lymnea vahliti Miller. Fic. 55. Lymnea vahiii var. pingeltt (Typical.) Moller.

Dall Rivers, north of the Yukon, Alaska! St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska! headwaters of the Yukon in Lakes Bennett, Marsh, and Lindeman! Loring, Southeastern Alaska, on Behm Canal! Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia! Headwaters of the Liard River in Lakes Finlayson and Frances! Hannah Bay near Moose Factory !

Making the usual allowances for variation, this is a fairly well dis- criminated species, which frequently has been identified as Z. des¢di- osa, palustris, etc. The largest are more fragile, smaller and paler than Z. palustris, and not especially similar to it. I have had the advantage of being able to consult a very large series of authentically named Greenland shells, received from Mérch and others, as well as the fine Arctic series in the National Museum. Most of the specimens are microscopically wrinkled on the surface, like Z. palustris, but this character is not absolutely constant.

96 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Lymnea (Stagnicola) palustris Miiller.

Buccinum palustre MULLER, Verm. Terr., 1, p. 131, 1774.

Limneus palustris Drap., Hist., p. 52, pl. ul, figs. 4o-42, ul, figs. 1-2, 1805.

Stagnicola communis LEACH, in Jeffreys, Linn. Trans., XVI, 1, p. 376, 1830.— RGOSSMASSLER, Icon., I, p. 96, figs. 51, 52, 1835.— TuRTON, Man., p. 121, 1831.—Gray’s Turton, p. 237, 1840.—Leacu, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 103, 1852.

Limneus elodes Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., u, p. 169, 1821; Am. Conch., Iv, pl. xxxI, fig. 3, 1832.

Limnea elodes GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 221, figs. 146-7, 1841.

Fic. 56, a-(, Lymnea palustris Miiller vars. Fic. 56, g. var. rowedli Lea from Pacific Coast.

Limnea fragilis HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 20, pl. vi, pl. xv, fig. 1, 1842 ; not of Linné.

Limnea nuttalliana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 0, p. 33, 1841.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 45, fig. 6, 1865.

Limnea expansa HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 29, pl. Ix, figs. 6-8, 1842 (patho- logic mutation).

Limn@ea haydent LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 166, 1858.— BINNEY, op. cit., p. 44, fig. 59, 1865 (pathologic mutation).

Limnea plebeta GOULD (nude name), in Adams, Am. Journ. Scit)Xiyip. 268:

Limnea proxima LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, p. 80, 1856.— BINNEY, of. cit., p. 48, fig. 67, 1865.

Range.—Circumboreal. Northern United States and Canada.

Manitoba: Lake Winnipeg; Saskatchewan River! Lake of the Woods; Red River of the North! Pem- bina; Turtle Mt.; Carberry. York Factory! Kee-

ate at > Satya a Sarin

Richey: Wee watin. Ungava! Labrador. Alberta: Laggan ; Egg nea palustris Lake; Red Deer; McLeod; Olds. English River, var. xutfalliana. Keewatin! Moose Factory, Keewatin; Slave River,

25 miles below Peace River! Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! Fort Smith, Mackenzie River! Upper Mackenzie

River ! Great Bear Lake ; Anticosti Island; Cypress Hills! Assiniboia.

FAMILY LYMNEIDZE vile |

California ! Oregon! Seattle, Wash.! Sumas Lake, British Colum- bia; Vancouver Island! headwaters of the Yukon! Lake Marsh! Lake Lindeman! Old Fort Yukon, Alaska! Saccatalontan and Nu- lato! Lower Yukon, and in the Yukon delta! Dall River! north of the Yukon in Alaska. Point Romanof, Norton Sound, Alaska! Avacha Bay, Kamchatka ! etc.

This well known species is almost universally distributed in the quiet waters of boreal America, and in the Pleistocene marls. The distinctions which have been relied on to separate ZL. haydeni Lea, and Z. expansa Haldeman, are due to pathologic mutations. Z. nuttalliana and proxima Lea, are trivial varieties.

Lymnea (Stagnicola) reflexa Say.

Lymneus reflexus SAY, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 167, 1821 ; Am. Conch., Iv, pl. xxx1, fig. 2, 1832 (Lakes Erie and Superior). Limneus elongatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 167, 1821; not of Draparnaud, 1805. Limneus umbrosus Say, Am. Conch., Iv, pl. 31, fig. 1, 1832 (new name for elomgatus Say). Limnea exilis Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 114, pl. XIX, fig. 82, 1837 (pathologic mutation). Range.— Northern United States and Canada. Prairie Lake, near Red River of the North; and Beaver Creek, Manitoba.

This species barely crosses the boundary and may : Fic. 58. Lym-

be one of those captured by the northward drainage ie os n@a refiexa Say.

when the headwaters of the Mississippi were inter- rupted and turned northward by the changes in the land levels of this region which have been elucidated by the late General G. k. Warren.

Lymneza (Stagnicola) catascopium Say.

Lyninea catascopium Say, Nicholson's Encycl., Am. ed., 11 (no pagination), pl. 2, fig 3, 1817 (Delaware River).

Lymneus catascopium Say, Am. Conch., vi, pl. 55, fig. 2, 1832.

Lymnea cornea VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. d’obs. de Zool., Il, p. 251, 1832.

Limnea sumasst BAIRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 68. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 0, p. 43, fig. 57 (not fig. 56), 1865 (British Columbia).

Range.— L. catascopium* Northern United States to the Rocky Mountains, Canada and northward; var. szmass¢: Idaho, Washing- ton and British Columbia.

Ottawa, Canada! Ungava, Labrador! Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba ! Hudson Bay drainage of Keewatin! Moose River at Moose Factory,

78 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Hudson Bay! Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! Winisk, Kawino- gans, and Attawapiskat Rivers, S. E. Keewatin! (McInnes).

Fic. 59. Lymnaea catascopium Say, var. Fic. 60. Lymnea catascopium Say sumasst Bd. (British Columbia). (Delaware).

Var. sumassi: Snake River, Idaho! Lake Washington, Seattle! Sumas Prairie, British Columbia.

Quite variable and frequently confounded with Z. adeline, L. buli- motdes, L. solida, etc. The Pacific Coast form is quite close to the typical form of the species, but is thinner, less uniform, and some- times larger. Binney’s figure 57 is made from a specimen probably of a rather swollen variety of palustris.

*Lymneza (Stagnicola) adeline Tryon.

Limnea adeline Tryon, Mon. Limn., p. 82 (108), pl. xvi, fig. 6, 1872 (San Francisco, Calif.).

Range. — California to Vancouver Island, B. C.

A small species, recalling Z. dudémotdes rather than catascopium, and perhaps identical with Lea’s original dz/zmozdes, as indicated by his types, but not with Z. ftechella Haldeman, which is very generally labelled 6z¢- motdes.

Fic. 61. Lym- Lymnaea (Stagnicola?) perpolita n. sp. Plate 1, n@a adeline. figs 6.8 OS:

Shell small, translucent, dark amber color, with a darker line at resting stages; smooth, except for fine lines of growth, brilliantly polished; whorls four, tumid, rapidly increasing, separated by a pro- nounced suture; spire short, rather obtuse; aperture ovate, longer than the spire, with a very thin wash of callus on the spire, the pillar lip slightly reflected, with a small perforate umbilicus behind it ; pillar straight, with no twist or fold, outer lip thin, sharp. Length of shell 11; of aperture 7; breadth of shell 8.5; of aperture 4.5 mm.

Range. — Nushagak, Bristol Bay, Alaska.

This shell is so elegantly polished that it may be an Amphzpeplea. It has the rich dark amber color of some Succineas. I haye seen but

FAMILY LYMN EIDE 79

one specimen, but some young shells from Sonoma Co., Calif., col- lected by Hemphill, may belong to it. The latter are proportionally stouter and are of a pale straw color. The polish of the suriace and the straight pillar are alike in both, yet I hesitate to unite them. No other American species has an equally polished surface so far as I have observed.

Lymneza (Stagnicola) bulimoides Lea.

Limnea bulimoides LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1, p. 33, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 9, 1844. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 44, pl. x11, figs. 9, 10, 1842, — BINNEY, of. cit., p. 61, fig. 96, 1865 (Oregon).

Range.—Oregon, California, Texas, New Mexico, Dakota, the United States west of the Mississippi (and northward ?)

Oregon ! (Nuttall) Columbia River near Fort Van- couver, Wash. ! Moose Rivei at Moose Factory, Hud- son Bay (Drexler) ?

This species has been generally confounded with Z. techella Haldeman, which seems to be distinct, having a more stumpy

Fic. 62. Lym- newa_ bulimoides Lea. (Typical. )

form and larger umbilicus, recalling, as Binney observes, his Budi- mulus pilula. According to Lea’s types, very few of the localities cited for this species, away from the Pacific Coast, are reliable. I sus- pect the shell from Hudson Bay, collected by Drexler, is a young ca¢a- Scoptum or caperata and not the true dulimotdes.

Lymnza (Stagnicola) caperata Say.

Lymneus caperatus SAy, New Harmony Disseminator, 11, p- 230, 1829.

Limnea caperata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 34, pl. XI, figs. 1-9, 1842.

Limnea umbilicata ADAMS, Am. Journ. Sci., XXXIXx, p- 374, 1840; Boston Journ. N. Hist., 11, p. 325, pl. 11, fig. 14, 1840. ——GouLp, Inv. Mass., p. 218, fig. 149, 1841.

FRange.— Northern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains and northward.

Manitoba ; at Pine Creek, Pembina, and Lake Win- nipeg. Alberta; at Red Deer and McLeod. The lower Saskatchewan near Lake Winnipeg. Hudson

Fic. 63. Lym- Bay drainage at Moose Factory. I feel strong doubts nea caperata. as to the validity of this species, which may prove entirely heterogeneous.

Lymneza (Stagnicola) anticostiana n. sp. Plate 11, figs. 4, 5.

Shell acute, slender, with a blunt reddish nucleus and seven well-

rounded whorls; suture deep, the whorls slowly enlarging; the last

80 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

whorl subcompressed laterally ; aperture elongate-ovate, about 23 times its length being equal to the length of the shell ; margin thickened, and continuous over the body, reflected over an umbilical chink behind the pillar but not quite closing it; pillar with a marked fold; surface with close-set fine axial elevated lines in harmony with the lines of growth, and crossed by microscopic revolving striz which sagrinate the surface ; there are also malleations, obscure sparse revolving ridges, etc., on in- dividual specimens. Length of shell 19; aperture 7.0; max. diam. 7.0, of aperture 4.5 mm.

Range.— Pleistocene marl of Marl Lake, Anticosti Island (Sir William Logan and Dr. J. Schmitt). Recent?

This interesting species resembles somewhat L. deszdzosa, to which it has usually been referred, but it has two more whorls and a more slender and elevated spire, and in most specimens a more parallel-sided aperture. Iam unable to say whether it occurs in the recent state, but the numerous specimens I have seen are all fossils. Dr. Lea had labelled his specimens ‘ Z. acuta Lea,’ doubtless forgetting his own species of the same name, which is a very different shell.

UNCERTAIN SPECIES.

There are several nude names in the literature which cannot be iden- tified and yet may puzzle the student who is unaware that they have not been described. Of such are Z. fossaria J. de C. Sowerby (1836), in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali Americana; Z. fetztz¢ Beck (1838), listed from Newfoundland in his ‘ Index’; and Z. ofaczma Bell (1858), listed in the Annual Report of the Canadian Geological Survey.

Genus Planorbis Miiller.

Planorbis PETIVER, Gazophyl. Nat. et Artis Dec., p. 16, tab. Io, fig. 11, 1702 (not binomial). The species figured is He/ix Planorbis Linné, Fauna Suecica, p. 527, 1761.—GUETTARD, Mém. Acad. Roy. des. Sci. (1756), p- 151, 1762 (not binomial), first sp. Plan. brun., after Lister, Anim. Angl., p. 143, pl. u1, fig. 26 (= Helix corneus Linné).— GEOFFROY, Traite Som. des Coq. Fluv. Paris, pp. 81, 84, 1767 (not binomial), § 1, He/ix cornea Linné ; /é¢d., translation by Martini, Niirnberg, pp. I0, 75, 1767.

Coretus ADANSON, Hist. Sénégal, p. 7, 1757 (not binomial), sp. figured re- sembles P. parvis Say.

< Planorbis MULLER, Verm. Terr., I, p. 152, 1774, no type selected ; Prodr. Zool. Dan., pp. Xxx, 238, 1775.— BruGuiERE, Enc. Méth., 1, p. XvI, 1789, nude name.— BotTen, Mus. Bolt., p. 51, 1798.— LAMARCK, Pro- drome, p. 76, 1799; Syst. des An. s. Vert., p. 93, 1801. —DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Coq. Terr. et Fluv., pp. 30, 42, 1801.— SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 255, 1817; not of Perry, 1811.

=Flanorbis MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., 1, p. 270, 1810, selects as type P. corneus L.

FAMILY LYMN/EIDZE 81

Orbis SCHROTER, Journ. Steinr. u. Konch., 11, p. 10, 1776, an error of cita- tion for Planorbis Argenville.

Vortex Anonymous in Mus. Calonn., p. 58, 1797, Hedix cornea Linné. Not Vortex Oken, 1815.

< Anisus STUDER, Syst. Verz., p. 23, 1820 (= /lanorbis +- Physa).

‘> Anisus FITzinGER, Verz., p. 111, 1833; not of Dujardin, 1821.

? Cornu SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 255, 1817, not of Born, 1778.

> Spiralina HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., tab. 1840. (Nude name.) No type cited.

Planorbarius DUMERIL, Zool. Anal., p. 164, 1806.

Coretus GRAY (not Adanson), P. Z. S., 1847, p. 180, P. corneus L.— Mrs. Gray, Figs. Moll. An., rv, p. 119, 1850.— Moquin TAnpDon, Moll. Terr. et Fluv., 11, p. 423, 1855.—Gray’s Turton’s Man., ed. 11, p. 233, 1857.

Spirodiscus STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 73, 1850.—M6rcu, Vidensk. Meddels. Kjobn., 1864, p. 309. —- WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. Fauna Fen- nica, x11I, No. 7, p. 112, 1897; Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902; S. corneus (Linné).

Tropidiscus \WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., v, p. 65, 1885, not of Stein ; Acta. Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902; Helix plan- orézs Linné.

? Caillaudia BouRGUIGNAT, Hist. Mal. de l'Abyssinié, p. 128, 1883; Ist sp. C. angulata Bourg., pl. vit, figs. 49-52, of. cf. WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabia, CLI, p. 139, Ig02 (a deformed or monstrous form of /Vanorbis).

Subgenus Planorbis s.s.

Type Planorbis corneus Miller.

(Synonymy of the group given under the generic name.)

Section PLANORBINA Haldeman.

Planorbina HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., Physade, p. 14, 1842, no type cited.

Menetus FISCHER, Man., p. 509, 1883; P. guadeloupensis Sowerby ; not Menetus Adams, 1855.

Anisus GRay, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181; P. olivaceus Spix ; not Anzsus Studer, 1820,

Subgenus Helisoma Swainson.

Flelisoma SWAINSON, Malac., p. 337, 1840; P. bicarinatus Sowerby.

Taphius H. and A. ApAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 262, 1855; P. andecolus Orbigny.

? Anisopsis SANDBERGER, Land u. Siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 958, 1875 ; P. loryt Coq., and P. calculus Sandb., Jurassic.

Section Przrosoma Dall, nov. Helisoma (sp.) Auct., not of Swainson ; P. ¢rivolvis Say.

Section PLANORBELLA Haldeman.

Planorbella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., Physade, p. 14, 1842; P. campanulatus Say.

82 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Adula H. Apams, P. Z.S., 1861, p. 145; P. multivolvis Case, not Adula H. and A. Adams, 1857. Ancaus H. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 275 ; not Anceus Fauvel, 1863.

Subgenus Tropidiscus Stein.

Tropidiscus STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 76, 1850; P. complanatus Stein (= marginatus Drap. + umbilicatus Miller).

Trophidiscus H. and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. 263, 1855, in synonymy.

Anisus FITZINGER, Verz, p. 111, 1833, ex parte, not of Studer, 1820, nor Dujardin, 1821.

Gyrorbis Moquin TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de France, pp. 423, 428. 1885 (not of Fitzinger, 1833); . carvinatus Miiller; Gray’s Turton, new ed., p. 237, 1857.

Tropodiscus SURBECK, Moll. Faun. Vierwaldstattensis, Rev. Suisse de Zool., VI, p. 435, 1899.

> Tropidiscus WESTERLUND, Act. Soc. Fauna Fennica, XIII, p. 113, 1897, Ist sp. P. umbilicatus Miiller.

> Diplodiscus WESTERLUND, of. cit., p. 115, 1897, Ist sp. P. vortex Linné.

Section PARASPIRA Dall, nov.

Spirorbis SWAINsSON, Malac., p. 337, 1840; PP. votundatus Poiret (+ P. vulgaris Swains.), not Spzrorbis Daudin, Vermes, 1800.

Gyrorbis Morcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., for 1863, p. 313, 1864, not of Fitzinger, 1833.

Planorbis (sp.) AGAss1z, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 21, 1837.

Anzsus (sp.) FITzINGER, Verz, p. 111, 1833; not of Studer, 1820.

Subgenus Hippeutis Agassiz.

Hippeutis AGASSIZ, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 22, 1837; P. complanatus Drap. (= P. foxtanus Lightfoot). — HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Erd.u. Sussw. Gast., pp. 51, 87, 1844. — GRAY, in Turton’s Man., ed. 11, p. 243, 1857.— M6rcu, Vidensk. Meddel., 1863, p. 316, 1864.

Fiippeutes Mrs. GRAY, Figs. Moll. An., Iv., p. 119, 1859.

Section Menetus H. and A. Adams.

Menetus H. and A. ApaAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 262, 1855; no type selected (not of Chenu, 1869, or Fischer, 1883). — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 125, 1865.

Menetus DALL, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., Ix, p. 351, 1870; P. ofercularis Gould. — CLessin, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, XVII, p. 33, 1886. — WESTER- LuND, Act. Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902, P. borssyé Pot. et Mich.

Heterodiscus \WESTERLUND, of. cit., 1902, not of Sharp, 1886, Jusecta. P. libanicus Westerlund.

Section DREPANOTREMA Crosse and Fischer.

Drepanotrema C. and F., Miss. Sci. Mexique, 0, pp. 59, 75, pl. XXxIH, fig. 2, 1880; P. yzabalensis C. & F.; Fischer, Man., p. 509, 1883.

FAMILY LYMN EIDE 83

Section BarHyompuatus Agassiz.

Bathyomphatus AGassiz, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 20, 1837 ; P. contortus Drap. — HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers. Gast., table, 1840. — WESTERLUND Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902.

Polygyrus GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181; 2 contortus Miiller ; not of Beck, 1837, nor Polygyra Say, 1818.

Bathyomphalus GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2d ed., p. 244, 1857.

Discoidina STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln LBerlins, p. 82, 1850; P. contortus Miller.

Subgenus Gyraulus Agassiz.

Gyraulus AGASSIZ, in Charpentier, Fauna Helvetica, p. 21, 1837; Ist sp. ?. hispidus Drap. (= a/bus Miller). — HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Gast., Vv, pp. 89, 95, 1844.— Moquin Tanpon, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv., 11, p. 438, 1855.

Planaria Brown, Ul. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. 51, figs. 48, 4942s, 1827 ; not Ylanaria Miller, 1776.

Trochlea HALDEMAN, Am. Journ. Sci., XLII, p. 216, 1841.

Giraulus MoQuIN TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de France, 1, p. 423, 1855.

Nautilina (pars) STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 80, 1850.

Gyrulus GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2d ed., p. 234, 1857, 2 syn.

Gyraulus GRAY, op. cit., p. 234, 1857, P. albus Miiller.— WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabize, CLI, p. 121, 1902.

Section ArmicER Hartmann.

Armiger HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Gast., v, p. 172, 1842 ; P. crista (L.).— WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., CLI, p. 121, 1902.

Nautilina (sp.) STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 81, 1850.

Section Toraquis Dall, nov. Type P. parvus Say.

(Lncerte sedis.)

? Section HerrerRopiscus Westerlund.

Fleterodiscus \WESTERLUND, Rad. Jugoslav. Akad. (Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid.), CLI, p. 120, Zodl. Rec., XL, 1903, Moll., p. 63. Type Planordbis fibanicus Westerlund. Not Heterodiscus Sharp, Insecta, 1886.

? = Planorbina HALDEMAN, 1842, q. Vv.

The genus Panordzs is frequently ascribed to Guettard or Geoffroy, neither of whom accepted (in the papers where this name appears) the Linnean nomenclature. If we are to cite non-Linnean authors we must go back much further, for Petiver used the name in 1702 for a species which Linné afterward named Helix spzrorézs. Another non-Linnean name is Corefus of Adanson, which he applied to a minute species an eighth of an inch in greatest diameter. Gray in 1847, by some error cites Planorbis corneus as Adanson’s type, which

84 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

is, of course, absurd. The first author to introduce /Planxoré7s to

binomial literature was O. F. Miller, but as he used it, it was applicable

to all aquatic Pulmonates with filiform tentacles, thus including Physa.

Cuvier in 1798 cited three species, of which P. cormeus was the first

and P. cornu-artetis the second. In 1799 Lamarck cited the second

species, and repeated this citation in 1801. But P. cornu-ardetis, of which the soft parts and operculum were then unknown, does not agree with Lamarck’s diagnosis and cannot be accepted as a type of

the genus Planorézs. Draparnaud names no types, and only in 1810

does Montfort establish definitely the type of the genus as P. corneus.

Subsequent selection of other types by later authors is, of course, of

no effect. Azésws Studer was an exact synonym of Planorbzs Miil-

ler, not Montfort, but Fitzinger, in 1833, made an effort to retain the

name fora section of the true Planorbes. It is probable, however, that the name, which was intended to comprise two older genera already named, should be entirely eliminated from accepted nomenclature, as

a gross violation of the rules. At any rate the name was used for

a beetle by Dujardin in 1821, and no subsequent use of it is advisable

for Mollusks.

Little is known of the anatomical characteristics of the various species, but much similarity is noted among those for which data are available. As to the shells, a wide variation is observable in form and sculpture, though as usual the peripheral species grade toward each other in the several groups. The great majority of the species present the peculiarity of the whorls rising above the original apex, which becomes basal, the shell (apparently sinistral) thus becoming what has been called ultra-dextral. The most obvious characters of the latter may be contrasted as follows :

Subgenus Plaxordzs s.s. Shell discoid, ultra-dextral, large, with a moderate number of gradually enlarging whorls rounded above and below ; the aperture slightly and gradually expanded, with its margin simple and sharp. Type P. cornzeus Miiller.

Section Planorbina Haldemann. Shell like Plaxordés s.s. but verti- cally compressed, with smaller and more numerous whorls and a very oblique aperture. Type P. o/évaceus Spix.

Subgenus He//soma Swainson. Shell of moderate size, few whorled, the whorls carinate above and below and rapidly enlarging; spire and base funicular, aperture suddenly expanded, with a thickened peritreme. Type P. d¢cartnatus (Say) Sowerby.

There is no doubt that Sowerby’s and Say’s species are identical. I am unable to find distinctive characters in figures or diagnoses which

FAMILY LYMNZIDZ 85

would differentiate Zaphiws Adams from //el¢ésoma; and Anisopsés

Sandberger, from the Jura, is very similar, though the aperture is not

preserved in the fossils and may have been simple.

Section Prerosoma Dall Shell large, high, with few transversely sculptured whorls; the early whorls carinate and flattened above, funicular below; in the adult the flattened apex is usually depressed below the upper level of the ultimate whorl; the aperture is suddenly expanded and thickened. Type P. ¢trzvolvis Say.

Section Planorbella Haldeman. Like Hel¢soma but smaller, with more numerous whorls, with the last whorl strongly constricted behind a campanulate aperture ; a flattish or even slightly convex upper sur- face; the base funicular. Type P. campanulatus Say.

The P. multivolvis Case differs from the type of P/anorbella chiefly by its more numerous and closely coiled early whorls. In both a second year’s growth shows a varix due to the retention of the aper- ture of the preceding year. Two preoccupied names were applied to P. multivolvis by Adams, but a study of specimens leads to the con- clusion that its separation is unwarranted.

Subgenus Zropfzdiscus Stein. Shell depressed, the adult periphery angular or carinate, the aperture oblique, slightly expanded, simple. Type P. wmébzlicatus Miller (+ P. complanatus Stein).

Section Zropidiscus s.s. Shell moderately large and with compara- tively few rapidly increasing whorls of which the junior portions are not keeled. Type P. umézlicatus Miiller.

This subgenus was called ‘ Gyroré¢s Agassiz,’ by Moquin Tan- don, but Agassiz never proposed any such genus or group, the name Gyrorbzs having been applied to a subdivision of Valvata by Fitz- inger. Moquin Tandon’s error was copied by Gray, and later by Westerlund, who, still later, having become aware that Fitzinger’s name existed, proposed for the group already named by Stein, the name Drplodiscus ; which naturally becomes a synonym of 7Zyof?- discus Stein. Nevertheless, since Westerlund arranged his really typical * Gyroréés’ under Trofidiscus, and grouped under his new name the species of which P. vortex is an example (though without mentioning any type) and gave a suitable diagnosis, it may not be stretching the rules of nomenclature too far to retain his name for the following section.

Section Dyplodiscus Westerlund (restricted). Shell small, with numerous slowly enlarging whorls keeled or angulate from the beginning. Type P. vortex Linné,

86 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Section Paraspira Dall, nov. Shell resembling Dzplodiscus, but with the whorls rounded throughout, and the aperture simple, hardly expanded. Type P. rotundatus Poiret.

Subgenus //7ppeuti?s Agassiz. Shell small, lenticular, with a small number of rapidly increasing whorls, the last enveloping a large part of the preceding whorl; apex slightly depressed, base with a narrow umbilicus, aperture oblique, with a thin sharp margin. Type P. fontanus Lightfoot, European.

Section Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer. Shell resembling /7/A- peutis, but less depressed, the whorls with a rounded periphery widest at the base, giving a domelike profile, umbilicus variable, from narrow to very wide. Type P. yzabalens¢s C. and F.

This group occurs in the Antilles, Mexico, Central and South America, where it represents the Palearctic Wzppeutzs.

Section A/enetus H. and A. Adams. Like Azpfeutds, but the last whorl not enveloping the preceding whorls to any marked extent. Type Planorbis opercularis Gould.

Section Lathyomphalus Agassiz. Shell like Drepanotrema, but with numerous closely coiled whorls, a flattish summit with the periphery nearer to it than to the base, the umbilicus moderate, exposing less of the coil than the summit shows. Type P. contortus Drap.

Subgenus Gyraulus Agassiz. Shell small, flattish, with few, rapidly increasing whorls, fully exposed above and below, with a nearly median periphery, spirally striate and hispid; aperture simple, sharp-edged, oblique. Type Planorézs albus Miller.

Section Zorguzs Dall, zov. sect. Like Gyraulus s.s. but with more rounded, less rapidly increasing whorls, not hispid or spirally striate, the aperture expanded and slightly thickened in the adult. Type P. parvus Say.

Section Armiger Hartmann. Shell small, with few, rapidly increas- ing, costate whorls, the coste projecting at the periphery ; the form in a general way like Gyraulus.

A discussion of the species follows.

*Planorbis (Planorbina) glabratus Say.

Planorbis glabratus Say, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci., I, p. 280, 1818 (South Carolina). Planorbis lentus Say, Am. Conch., v1, pl. tv, fig. 1, 1834 (New Orleans).

This species is by no means always polished, and on a dull speci- men of it I believe the later P. /enwtus Say to have been founded, though the latter name has been widely misapplied to senile specimens

FAMILY LYMN1D4& 87

of ¢rivolvzs such as occur in the north and east, if not throughout the range of the latter.

Planorbis (Helisoma) bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Nicholson's Encycl., 1st ed., vol. 11 (no pagina- tion), No. 2, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1817 (Lake Erie) ; not of Lamarck, 1822. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 123, fig. 205, 1865.

Helix engonata RACKETT, 1822; + Planorbis engonatus CONRAD, 1834.

Range. — The United States east of the Rocky Mountains ; east- ern Canada.

Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg! Lake Manitoba; Moose Fac- tory, Hudson Bay! the lower Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids !

Knee Lake, Keewatin! Portland, Oregon! Yaqui

River, W. Mexico! Wy) This well defined species has probably been carried 4 &

down stream from the sources of the Columbia River, in the same manner as some other east American spe- cies. It cannot be regarded as permanently estab-

lished on the Pacific slope, as yet. It varies consider- Fic. 64. Plan-

ably in size, and for exceptionally developed specimens , 1 orbis btcartna-

from Benzie Co., Mich., Walker has proposed the

: Fj tus Say. varietal name major.

Planorbis (Pierosoma) corpulentus Say.

Planorbis corpulentus Say, Long's Exp., u, p. 262, pl. xv, fig. 9, 1824 (not of Binney e¢ a/.)—Bryanr WALKER, Nautilus, x11, No. 12, April, 1900, pp. 133-138.

Range.—Northern Ontario from Lake Simcoe to Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods, Winnipeg River and Lake! to Vermilion Lake, Lat. 56° 30’, in Athabaska.

Knee Lake, Keewatin! Isle 4 Lacrosse Lake! and English River! Rat Portage; northern Michigan and Minnesota.

ae” This well marked species was unknown to Binney,

Fic. 65. Plax- and has been united mistakenly with ¢r7zvolv/s and orbis corpulen-

a : others. It belongs to the colder northeastern portion us ay. Be

of the continent and its complete range is yet un- known. It has not been identified from the region west of the Rockies. Mr. Walker’s note on this species may be consulted with profit.

Planorbis (Pierosoma) binneyi Tryon.

Planorbis binneyt Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 197, 1867.— HALDE- MAN, Mon. Limn., 19, pl. 11, figs. 7-9, 1844.—BiNNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 0, p. 103, fig. 175, 1865.

88 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

Range.— West of the Rockies and east of the Cascade Mountains on the Pacific slope.

Oregon (Nuttall) ; Lewis or Snake River, Oregon! Clear Lake, Calif.! In British Columbia in eastern Kootenai Lake, Lake Siniak- wateen, and Osoyoos Lake!

As pointed out by Binney, this is quite distinguishable from any form of ¢rzvolvis ; it differs from the true corpulentus, with which it was long confounded, in its sparser and less regular axial sculpture, larger and less campanulate aperture, and in the greater distance of the carina from the axis. Its whorls increase more rapidly than in P. traskit Lea, or even P. ammon Gould,‘ and its sculpture is markedly coarser and less regular than in either of the two last cited. It is not known north of British Columbia or east of the Rocky Mountains.

Fics. 66, 67. Planorbis binneyt, showing animal and shell.

Planorbis (Pierosoma) trivolvis Say.

Flanorbts trivolvis Say, Nicholson's Encyc., 1st ed., II (no pagination), pl. 11, fig. 2, 1817; Am. Conch., vI, pl. 54, fig. 2, 1834 (French Creek, Lake Erie).

Flanorbis macrostomus \WHITEAVES, 1863 (abnormal) ; + P. Zentus Gould, and many other writers, but not of Say; + / tumens various California writers.

Planorbis subcrenatus CARPENTER, P. Z.S., 1856, p. 220.

Range. — The typical form belongs to the entire Atlantic drainage of North America and the Mississippi Valley and northward to the Etchimamish River.

English River, Keewatin; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; Cypress Hills! Assiniboia; Prairie Lake, Red River of the North!; the Saskatchewan River, Laggan, Egg Lake, Red Deer, McLeod, and Olds, Alberta; Lake Isle Lacrosse, Athabaska; Great Slave Lake, at Fort Resolution! and the Mackenzie River at old Fort Simp-

1These two species, judged by their types, which are before me, are suffi- ciently distinct from any of those which have been confounded with them. In- deed the true P. traskiv from Kern Lake, Calif., is one of the most remarkable

species in our fauna. It was also found by me at Stockton, Calif., and seems to have been unknown, autoptically, to Binney.

FAMILY LYMN AIDA 89

son! (N. Lat. 62°). We have it from Moose Factory! the Slave River 25 miles below Peace River! Lake Winnipeg! the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan River! and hundreds of more southern localities.

The variety swbcrenatus Carpenter (Oregon, Nuttall) occurs in British Columbia west of the Cascades ; being, according to J. K. Lord, replaced east of them by P. dcxneyz. We have it from the Puget Sound drainage! Lake La Hoche! and Sumas Lake, B. C.! A distorted variety (désjectus Cooper) is reported from Lake Tahoe, Calif., at a height of 6,247 feet above the sea. The young shell was described from Pueblo Val- ley, Oregon, by Tryon in 1865, as P. oregonen- s?s. In 1870 Cooper called the more common adult (but not senile)

Fic. 68. Planor-

bis trivolvis.

form P. occ¢édentalis, and later confounded it with the Mexican P. tumens Cpr., and gave it a range in California from Kern Lake, Tulare Co., north to Puget Sound, and, in the coast drainage, to San Francisco Bay. There is a doubt as to whether Planorbis hornit

Fic. 69. Planorbts trivolvis var. macrostomus Whiteaves.

Tryon (1865), from ‘* Fort Simpson, British America,’ came from Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River, or Fort Simpson, British Columbia; but the figure looks more like the Pacific variety, of which it is probably only a mutation. We have specimens from various places in California, and Wallawalla, Wash., labelled P. horn? which are merely a depauperate form of swécrenatus.

On the other hand, from the Dall River, a northern affluent of the Yukon in Alaska, in N. Lat. 66°, we have the typical form of ¢rzvolvés

90 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

stretching westward with the Yukon drainage! I have never seen any specimens corresponding exactly to Tryon’s figure of P. horniz, but the variations I have seen of P. subcrenatus often approach it so closely that I have little doubt of their identity. P. macrostomus seems, from an examination of the types, to be a form of ¢rzvolvis which has survived a year longer than usual, in a locality where it was not stinted in lime, resulting in a remarkably fine shell with richly colored aperture.

Planorbis (Planorbella) campanulatus Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 0, p. 166, Jan., 1821 (Cayuga Lake, N. Y.).— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 9g, pl. 1, figs. 7-11, 1844.

Planorbis bellus LEA, 1844 (immature shell) + P. complanatus Miller Christy, 1885.

Range.— The type: New England to Tennessee, Florida and northward ; Anticosti Island! Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan; L. Winnipeg, Red River of the North, Nelson and English Rivers ; Moose Factory ! Great Slave Lake, N. Lat. 62°; Lake of the Woods!

Variety rudentzs: Knee Lake, Hayes River, Kee- watin, N. Lat. 55° (E. A. Preble) !

This well known species is confined to the Atlantic,

Mackenzie, and Hudson Bay watersheds, and has not Be been reported north of Great Slave Lake. So far latus Say. as the specimens examined go to show, it is rather re- markably uniform in its characters, the number of whorls remaining always about the same, though the actual size varies with the food supply and healthfulness of the environment. A form which may prove distinct, or a variety of this species, was collected by Mr. Preble at Knee Lake. The comparative measure- ments are:

Whorls. Major Diam, Minor Diam. Axis. Type. 4-75 15.0 mm. II mm. 6.5 mm. Variety. 5-25 1755 14 6.0

Very similar specimens were obtained from Anticosti Island and from Marl Lake, Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a condition I take to be pathological. The most noticeable difference, after the axially shorter whorls and larger size, is in the umbilicus, which in the variety is, as it were, reamed out, exhibiting three and a half whorls ; while in the more compact type the umbilicus when examined with a lens shows only two and a half whorls, which

FAMILY LYMN/EIDAE gi

diminish in size much more rapidly than in the variety. The campan- ulate aperture is about the same size in both forms, but seems larger in the type because the rest of the shell is so much more tightly wound. The suture on the apical side seems deeper and wider than in the type. Nine specimens of the variety were obtained, and I sug- gest for it the name rudentzs, from the similarity of the whorls to a coiled hawser.

Planorbis (Menetus) exacuous Say.

Planorbis exacuous Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 168, Jan., 1821 (Lake Champlain) ; Long’s Exp. Rep., II, p. 261, 1824.

Planorbis exacutus GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 208, fig. 137, 1841. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 21, pl. Iv, figs. 1-3, 1844.

Paludina hyalina LEA, 1839 (scalariform monstrosity).

Range. —Northern United States, east of the Rockies; Canada, etc., south to New Mexico.

Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg! Manitoba generally ; Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! Left bank of the Yukon below Fort Yukon, Alaska, in Pleistocene marl (A. J. Collier) !

Variety megas Dall, zov.: Birtle, Manitoba (R. M. Christy).

This species has a number of varieties both in size and form. The typical shell is of a pale brownish horn color, with a somewhat glisten- ing surface, rather rudely striated by the incremental lines, and with faint, almost microscopic, revolving strie. The form is lenticular, coming to an acute angle at the periphery. In 1863 I found in the vicinity of Marquette, Michigan, an unusually depressed brownish variety in which the peripheral keel was delicately serrate. In the northwestern part of its range the tendency is for the species to become whitish and of a larger size than the average New York or New England specimens. This reaches its maximum in specimens col- lected in Manitoba by Mr. R. Miller Christy, for which I propose the varietal name megas. The comparative measurements are as follows :

Whorls. Max. Diam. Min. Diam. Axis. Type. 3193 4-7 mm. 3-7 mm. 1.0 mm. Variety. 3-75 7.8 6.0 2.0

The variety is of a slightly milky translucency; on the base the whorl is more or less impressed within the peripheral keel and the spiral striation is much more marked than in the typical form.

Binney has united with this species Planxoréis lens Lea, 1839 (not Brongniart, 1810) = P. denticularis Lea, 1844 (not Schlotheim, 1818) = P. brongniartiana Lea, 1842; but an examination of Lea’s

92 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

cotypes, now in the National Museum, makes it evident that Dr. Gould was right in referring this form to P. dz/atatus Gould, 1841 (not Pfeiffer, 18417), or dzdatus Haldeman, 1844. To this latter form, in my opinion, should be united, as local races, P. duchanensis Lea, 1844, and P. alabamensis Pilsbry. The young of P. exacuous Say frequently approach dz/atatus, but the latter can usually be distin- guished by its axial height being greater, its columella more vertical, and the substance of the shell, especially in southern specimens, more thick and solid. The aperture of the adult d/atatus is usually dis- tinctly thickened by a deposit of callus, but in exacwous I have never observed more than a very thin wash of shelly matter around the open- ing. I have spelled the name of this species as Say did in two sepa- rate works ; as he gave no derivation it seems to me we have no right to correct his spelling on purely theoretical grounds.

Planorbis (Menetus) opercularis Gould.

Planorbis ofercularis GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., u, p. 212, 1847; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 113, Atlas, figs. 132, 132, a-d, 1852 (Sacra- mento River, Calif.).

Flanorbis planulatus COOPER, Rep. Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., p. 378, 1859 ; Pacific R. R. Rep., xu, p. 378.— Binney, Land and Fw. Shells N. Am., pt. 11, p. 126, fig. 209, 1865.

Planorbis centervillensts TRYON, Mon. Fr. Univ. Moll. U.S., p- 57, flanorbis, pl. vu, figs. 7-9, 1872.

Planorbis opercularis var. oregonensis VANATTA, Nautilus, IX, p. 53, Sept., 1895; not P. oregonensis Tryon, 1865.

Pipes callioglyptus VANATTA, Nautilus, Ix, p. 54, 1895.

See Fange.—San Francisco and northward, west of the Sierra Nevada. Type form: California! Oregon! Washington near Seattle ! Variety planulatus W. Cooper: Whidbey Island, el Puget Sound! Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island! Fic. 71. Plan- Seattle, Wash.! Freeport, Wash.! Victoria, B. C.! Dg PEG Fa EES Campbell’s Creek, B. C.! Pender Island, B. C.! Gould (typical). ‘ i : Atka Island, Aleutians, Alaska, near Korovin Bay ! Variety cenxtervillensis Tryon: Alameda, Calif.! Noyo River, Calif. ! San Leandro, Calif.! Oregon; Unalaska Island, Alaska ! Variety oregonensts Vanatta: Salem and Portland, Oregon!

1T learn through Prof. von Martens that Pfeiffer’s species was published in the double part v—vi, of the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, either in the last part of 1841 or the early portion of 1842, so that Gould’s priority is certain.

FAMILY LYMN-ZID/Z£ 93

This species is the analogue of P. exacwows Say on the Pacific Coast. The typical form from the Sacramento River and the vicinity of San Francisco Bay is quite lenticular, with the periphery marked by a (frequently marginated) keel. The shell itself is pale yellow or white under a rather strong periostracum, which is almost invariably more or less discolored by deposits GW of a brown or black color, The sculpture is like that —

of exacuwous, the spiral sculpture being faint and Fic. 72. Plan- orbits opercularis var. Planulatus Cooper.

sometimes absent in southern specimens, and tending to be emphasized in northern ones. As a rule the margin of the aperture is not thickened except in young specimens which haye been overtaken by drought or winter before maturity. The keel is generally, but not always, present in southern shells, but those from Oregon and northward show a tend- ency to form a shell either without a noticeable keel, or with the keel forming a margin to a plane upper surface, rather than a median carina. When compared with Cooper’s types in the National Museum Mr. Vanatta’s P. callioglyptus is seen to be identical. The variety ove- gonensis retains the typical form but has stronger spiral sculpture. I regard P, centervillensis of Tryon as a P. planulatus with the keel obsolete. What appear to be intergradational forms are numerous in the large series of the National Museum; though it would seem incred- ible to any one possessing only the extremes that they can belong to the same species.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) hirsutus Gould. ? Planorbis albus MULLER, Verm. Terr. et Fluv., 11, p. 164, 1774. Planorbis hirsutus Goutp, Am. Journ. Sci., Xxxviul, p. 196, 1840; Inv. Mass., p. 206, pl. x1, fig. 135, 1841.

Planorbis borealis (LovEN) WESTERLUND, Mal. BI., xx1t, p. 77, 1875.

Range. — Washington, D. C.! northward, east of the Mississippi. Lake Superior ! Lake of the Woods ! Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan River! Great

, sp!

Fic. 73. Plan- slave Lake! c = BS Bio cabtis Var. dorealis Westerlund: Port Clarence, Alaska. Gould. 2. Northern Sweden.

This species appears to be common only in New

England, if one may trust reports, and it is remarkable how few records there are of it in the literature of American fresh water shells.

The shell is variable in form; from having, in what I have re- garded as the type, well rounded nearly cylindrical whorls, it varies to a form more or less depressed and carinate and with an oblique aper-

94 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

ture, which, when it has lost its hispid periostracum, can hardly be distinguished from the shell which is usually called deflectus of Say. This latter form, which, when in perfect condition, is fully as hairy as the typical Azrsutus, is apparently identical with the shell which European writers catalogue under the name draparnaudz or draparnaldi of Sheppard. In its best state this has a peripheral fringe of longer hairs than those elsewhere on the surface, beneath which is usually, but not always, a faint peripheral keel like that of P. deflectus Say, which is distinguishable, so far as the shell is con- cerned, only by its less profuse and hairy periostracum. I should not be at all surprised if the two were eventually shown to be extremes of one specific form, especially as I have been unable to find specimens of typical deflectus which do not somewhere exhibit traces of spiral stri- ation like that of P. Azrsutus. The identity of our American species with the so-called P. albus Miiller, of Europe, I do not doubt, but whether the name @/éus is the proper one to use for the latter is open to question, and on the present occasion I prefer to use a name about whose application no doubt can exist. The differences which have been reported to exist between the New England and the European shell are due to the comparison being made between discrepant varie- ties. Ifa series including all varieties from many different localities in Europe, be compared with a similar American series, parallels for each variation will be found.

Planorbis borealis (Loven MS.) Westerlund, after specimens fur- nished by Westerlund, is merely a somewhat delicately sculptured mutation of this species.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) deflectus Say.

Planorbis deflectus Say, Long’s Exp. Rep., I, p. 261, pl. xv, fig. 8, 1824. — HaLpEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 25, pl. Iv, figs. 4-7, 1844 (N. W. Territory).

Planorbis virens ADAMS, 1840; young shell.

Planorbis obliquus DE Kay, 1843.

Range.—In America the same as that of P. hzr- sutus.

Ottawa, Canada! Lake of the Woods! Great Slave Lake ! Dall River, Alaska, Lat. 66° N.! Popof Island,

Shumagins, Alaska (Kincaid) !

Fic. 74. Plan- orbits deflectus Say, ?.

Doubtfully distinct from the preceding species. It differs chiefly from the variety draparnaud? by the feebleness or absence of the hispidity of the periostracum. The deflection of the aperture and the consequent form of the mouth of the shell are inconstant characters,

FAMILY LYMN/EIDZE 95

although they have been called ‘ characteristic’ by the very authors whose evidence shows the inconstancy.

Planorbis (Torquis) parvus Say.

Planorbis parvus Say, Nicholson's Enc., 1st ed., 11 (no pagination), pl. 1, fig. 5, 1817.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 27, pl. Iv, figs. 19-23, 1844 (Delaware R.)— Binney, Landand Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 133, figs. 222- 223 (not 224), 1865.

Planorbis concavus ANTHONY, MS., various catalogues.

FPlanorbis elevatus C. B. ADAMS, Bost. Journ. N. Hist., 11, p. 327, pl. 11, fig. 16, 1840; young shell (S. Boston).

Planorbis billingsi LEA, 1866, from types (Ottawa, Canada).

ftange.—In America, the whole of eastern North America from Florida to N. Lat. 67°, and the Yukon drainage system.

Ottawa, Canada! northward and westward to Lake Winnipeg ! the Saskatchewan River! Alberta at Laggan, Olds and McLeod; Mani- toba at Brandon and Birtle! Methy Lake; Moose Factory! Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River! Lake Bennett, Yukon Territory! Left bank of the Yukon below Fort Yukon, Alaska !

The most striking characteristic of this widespread species is its ‘reamed out’ umbilicus. 2. lémophilus Westerlund, its nearest European analogue, may be distinguished at once by its shallow and flattish umbilicus. It rarely shows any trace of spiral sculpture and, when clean, is brightly polished. In the last whorl of the adult the portion above the periphery is usually somewhat flattened or obliquely depressed.

Planorbis (Torquis) vermicularis Gould.

Planorbis vermicularis Gouin, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., C2)

II, p. 212, 1847; Moll. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 112, pl.,

figs. 131, a—-d, 1852 (Oregon). G tes

Range.—Northern California! Oregon! and Van- couver Island, British Columbia !

On comparison, the type of P. vermicular?s is seen to have vertically deeper whorls than a specimen of P.