THE AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

OCTOBER, 1905.

LONDON BOTANIC GARDENS.

By PIERRE ELIE PERREDES, B.Sc., F.L.S.,
Pharmaceutical Chemist.

A Contribution from the Wellcome Research Laboratories, London.
I.

INTRODUCTORY.

The origin of our Botanic Gardens may be traced to the private
gardens of the herbalists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Among these the garden of John Gerarde, in Holborn, which was
situated within little more than a stone’s throw from the site upon
which the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories now stand,
may be cited as a noteworthy example. One of the main objects of
these early cultivators was the determination of the characteristic
features of plants used as remedial agents, and the framing of de.
scriptions that would enable others to recognize such plants. It is
not too much to say that many of their observations (¢. g. those of
Parkinson) are remarkably shrewd and accurate.

The Chelsea Physic Garden, established by the Society of Apoth-
ecaries of London, in 1673, was, to a great extent, based on the
same plan as the gardens of these herbalists; but, unlike them, it was
supported by a public body, so that it has survived to the present
day. It was the first public institution of the kind in London, and
it still remains as the oldest Botanic Garden in the metropolis,

Kew comes next in point of age, and its history as a scientific
institution may be said to date from 1759, when William Aiton, a
pupil of Philip Miller, of the Chelsea Garden, was appointed by the
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Dowager Princess of Wales, for
the purpose of establishing a physic garden in what had hitherto

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452 London Botanic Gardens. { Am. Jour. Pharm.
been little more than the ornamental grounds of her residence.
Kew is, therefore, in a measure, an offshoot of the Chelsea Physic
Garden.

The last Botanic Gardens which remain to be considered in de-
tail are those of the Royal Botanic Society, in Regent’s Park. These
were begun in 1839 by that Society, with the ultimate object of
forming “extensive botanical and ornamental gardens within the
immediate vicinity of the metropolis,” the purpose by which the
Society was animated in so doing being the “ promotion of Botany
in all its branches, and its application to medicine, arts and manu-
factures.”

Besides these, which constitute the only public Botanic gardens
in London or its environs, mention must also be made of the Gar-
dens of the Royal Horticultural Society, formerly at Chiswick, and
now at Wisley, in Surrey. The Horticultural Society has, through.
out, excluded the cultivation of medicinal plants from its field of
operations, and this is a distinction which holds good, broadly, be-
tween “ Horticultural” and “ Botanic” gardens in this country.
In view, however, of the importance of the Horticultural Society’s
Gardens from the’ cultural point of view, a short account of them
will be given at the end of this introduction.

Before proceeding with the individual accounts of these gardens,
it will not be without interest to pass briefly in review the salient
features which they have in common, as well as those in which they
differ from one another.

The arrangement of the plants in the gardens may conveniently
be considered first, and affords much that is of interest. The Chel-
sea Garden, as we have just seen, was framed, in the main, on the
pattern of the herbalists’ gardens; to this we may add that one of
the principal aims of its founders was the arrangement of plants in
a systematic manner. At the close of the seventeenth century the
plants were arranged according to the systems of Ray and Tourne-
fort, and, in practice, this scheme is still partly adhered to, as a mat-
ter of convenience, in most Botanic Gardens, inasmuch as trees and
shrubs are generally grouped apart from herbaceous plants. Towards
the end of the eighteenth century we find the Linnean classification
supplanting the systems of Ray and Tournefort, to be superseded,
in turn, by those of Decandolle and Lindley towards the middle of
the last century. Since the re-organization of the Garden in 1902,

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Am. Jour. London Botanic Gardens. 453

the sequence of natural orders which has been followed, for the
herbaceous plants that are arranged systematically, is that of Bent-
ham and Hooker's “ Genera Plantarum.”

At Kew the arrangement adopted by Aiton was that of Linné, to
be succeeded, as at Chelsea, by that of Decandolle, and, subsequent-
ly, during Sir J. D. Hooker’s directorate, by that of Bentham and
Hooker. It must be borne in mind that these changes could only
be effectually accomplished with herbaceous plants, and that matters
are complicated at Kew by the fact that, in addition to the plants
which are arranged systematically, there are many others scattered
about for artistic effect. In the present Arboretum, commenced in
1845 by Sir William Hooker, and remodelled by his son, an arrange-
ment in regular sequence of natural orders, such as that adopted for
herbaceous plants, is not possible, but the Conifere are grouped
together to form a Pinetum, and most of the Amentifere are also in
close proximity to each other. In the collection of shrubs, or Fru-
ticetum, the genera of the same natural order are, as a rule, grouped
together. Beyond this, little attempt is made at systematic arrange.

ment. In the possession of an extensive Arboretum, arranged sys-.

tematically, so far as possible, Kew differs from the other two
Botanic Gardens in London.

The herbaceous collection at the Regent’s Park Gardens was ar-
ranged according to natural orders from the first, and this system
has subsisted to the present time, with slight modifications. The
plants, instead of being set out in parallel beds and arranged in regu-
lar sequence, as at Kew and Chelsea, are disposed in beds of various
shapes and sizes; each bed accommodates one natural order, and
these are grouped around one another according to their affinities.

When the gardens at Chelsea and Kew were started, medicinal
plants were the predominant feature, and subsequently, special col-
lections of medicinal plants were formed in both of them. A sec-
tion for economic plants was also set aside at Regent’s Park, but,
with the exception of a small garden of hardy herbaceous medicinal
plants at Kew, and of a belt of shrubs and trees formerly surround-
ing the herbaceous ground of the economic collection at Regent’s
Park, these have now been merged into the general herbaceous col-
lections ; and even in the case of, Kew, by far the larger number of
medicinal plants are to be found in the general collection.

In addition to the collections already enumerated, it is to be noted

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454 London Botanic Gardens. aaa

that alpine and aquatic plants require especial conditions for their
successful cultivation, and such conditions are accordingly provided
in the shape of rock gardens, water tanks, etc. As these plants,
however, play an unimportant part in medicine, we may pass them
over.

We have, so far, only considered plants growing out of doors, but
a large number of medicinal plants from foreign lands would perish
under ordinary conditions in this climate, so that some means had
to be found by which the conditions of their habitats could be repro-
duced artificially, and this was attained by placing them in plant-
houses, heated if necessary. The name of “stoves:’ was given to
houses in which artificial heat was employed, as stoves were used
for producing the necessary temperature, while those which were
not heated artificially were known as “ greenhouses;” and these
names have survived to the present day. These houses were origi-
nally buildings with large windows, and there is an example of them
on an elaborate scale in the orangery at Kew (now Museum No. III),
built in 1761 (see Plate V). A stove was erected in the Chelsea
Physic Garden as early as 1681. We learn from Evelyn’s “ Diary”
that its author went to see the keeper of the “Apothecaries’ garden
of simples at Chelsea” on August 7, 1865, and the following re-
marks which he makes in this connection give us an idea of the
method of heating adopted: “ What was very ingenious was the
subterraneous heat conveyed by a stove under the conservatory, all
vaulted with brick, so as he has the doores and windowes open in
the hardest frosts, secluding only the snow;”’ it is also interesting to
record that “the tree bearing jesuit’s bark (Cixchona), which had
done such wonders in quartan agues ” was then growing in the col-
lection at Chelsea. In 1760 we hear of the construction at Kew of
a stove warmed by pipes containing hot air. The method of heat-
ing by hot water pipes appears to have been introduced by the Hor-
ticultural Society in their garden at Chiswick. Experiments were
made with these as early as 1822, but it was not until 1838 that
they were brought to a satisfactory conclusion. The system of
heating by hot water has now superseded all others.

Improvements in methods of heating were accompanied by ad-
vances in other directions, one of the chief of these being the use of
iron for the framework of glass houses. The conservatory in the
Regent’s Park Gardens, erected in 1845, was the first iron and glass

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Any. Jour. } London Botanic Gardens. 455

house of considerable size in England, and was soon followed by
the far-famed Palm House at Kew (Plate VI). The framework of
the smaller houses is usually of wood, as the additional strength
which has been obtained by the use of iron in larger structures is
not needed for buildings of smaller dimensions.

In each of the London gardens there is at least one range of
plant houses, a “range” consisting of a series of glass houses in which
the temperatures range from 65° to 75° F. in the tropical house or
stove, to 45° to 50° F. in the cool house or greenhouse. At Regent’s
Park there is a range of three houses for economic plants solely,
heated respectively to 65° to 70° F. (stove), 60° to 65° F. (interme-
diate house), and 45° to 50° F. (greenhouse). At Kew two houses
of a: range, one tropical, the other temperate, are devoted to eco-
nomic plants, while at Chelsea the range of three houses, backed by
a corridor, is used for the majority of the plants that require to be
grown indoors. In addition to these there are larger houses at Kew
for the accommodation of general collections of plants from tropical
and sub-tropical countries and from the antipodes, such as the Palm
House (“ stove” heat) and the temperate house, which consists in
principle of a range of houses. The conservatory at the Regent’s
Park Gardens corresponds, in part, to the temperate house at Kew,
while one of the wings is partitioned off as a small “ Palm House.”
Houses for plants requiring special conditions are also provided, but
the only ones that need be referred to here are those in which suc-
culent plants, such as the various species of A/ve, are grown. Plants
from arid regions, such as these, require a dry atmosphere, and
special houses are accordingly provided for them at Kew and Re-
gent’s Park. Most of the succulents at the Chelsea Physic Garden
are grown in one of the pits.

Owing to exigencies of space, very little systematic arrangement
is attempted in the case of plants grown under glass, the nearest
approach to this being in the Palm House at Kew, where the
smaller plants on the benches around the sides are grouped geo-
graphically. The method of arranging the plants most commonly
adopted is such that the larger plants are placed in the center, ina
span-roofed house (see ‘Plate XII), or, i! in a lean-to house, near the
wall, while smaller s; ecimens are grown in pots on benches around
the sides.

Turning now to the functions by which the gardens are charac-

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456 London Botanic Gardens.

terized, we find that Chelsea and Regent’s Park have, in the main,
played an educational rdle, whereas Kew stands out prominently as
a center of scientific research and as the cradle of botanical enter-
prise in India and the Colonies. The history of the development of
the respective gardens is of paramount importance in this connec-
tion, and a brief outline of this will, accordingly, be given.

The main considerations which led the members of the Society of
Apothecaries to establish a garden at Chelsea, for the cultivation
and systematic arrangement of indigenous and exotic plants, were
that “their apprentices and others” might “ better distinguish good
and useful plants from those that bear resemblance to them, and
yet are hurtful, and other the like good purposes.” The garden, it
is true, was, to some extent, utilized at first for the cultivation of
plants to be converted into drugs for the Society’s use, but this
practice was soon abandoned. Ata relatively early period in the
history of the Society a “ Demonstrator of Plants” was appointed
in connection with the garden; James Petiver, F.R.S., officiated in
this capacity as early as 1709, but it was not until 1724 that the
Demonstrator of Plants, then Isaac Rand, was appointed to the
superintendence of the garden, with the title of Prefectus Horti, or
Director of the Garden. The duties of the office of Demonstrator
of Plants and Prefectus Horti were defined in detail by a garden
committee, on the appointment of William Curtis to the post in
1773. The enumeration of these duties is of special interest, in that
it gives us an insight into the nature of the work that the Society was
doing at that time, in connection with its garden. That this was
chiefly educational in character will be gathered from the provisions
in question, which were, briefly, as follows: (1) The Society’s Dem-
onstrator of Plants and Prefectus Hortt was to superintend the gar-
den and library, and to encourage and cultivate the knowledge of
botany among students of the Society; (2) “to demonstrate the
plants, especially in the officinal quarter, with their names and
uses,” at least once a month, from April to September; (3) “ to
make some annual excursion, for two days at least,” in the company
of “ two or three ” competent “ botanical members,” for the purpose
of collecting plants not commonly found near the metropolis, pre-
paratory to a demonstration of the same at the Society’s « General
Herborizing ” ; (4) to “ accompany and conduct the students of the

Society in their search after indigenous plants” upon every day ap-

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Am. Jour. Veare.} London Botanic Gardens. 457

pointed for the purpose ; (5) to prepare annually a specified number
of herbarium specimens ; (6) “ to attend each private court at the
hall during the summer months,” in order to give advice on matters
relative to “the private herborizings” and to the management of
the garden; he was also recommended to cultivate “ extensive
botanical correspondence, both at home and abroad.”

The reputation of the garden as a center for the diffusion of knowl-
edge was, moreover, much augmented between 1722 and 1770 by
the exertions of Philip Miller, who was appointed gardener in 1722,
and who published in 1730 the first catalogue of the officinal plants
growing in the Chelsea Garden. This will be considered in greater
detail later, but it is of interest to note that, although the book is
written in Latin, every plant mentioned has an English name ap-
pended to it, a feature which must have considerably enhanced its
value to the learner. Two other works of which Philip Miller was
the author, viz., the “ Gardener’s Dictionary ” and “ A Short Intro-
duction to the Science of Botany,” added in no small degree to the
reputation of the Chelsea Garden as an educational center, but the
most far-reaching result of Philip Miller’s labors is probably to be
found in the fame achieved by his pupils, such as Aiton at Kew, and
his own successor at Chelsea, William Forsyth.

In 1829 an extension of the Society’s work was inaugurated, con-
sequent upon a resolution of the Garden Committee to the effect
that the garden should be made “ more useful to the profession at
large than it had hitherto been,” and medical students from the
recognized metropolitan schools were admitted, free, to the garden
once a week, on the recommendation of their respective teachers.
The result was so successful that in the following year the Society’s
demonstrator was appointed professor at an increased salary, and
lectures were delivered by him once a week to all accredited medi-
cal students who chose to take advantage of them. Two medals
presented by the Society were also offered for competition annually.
A large number of students availed themselves of the privilege
granted to them by the Society, and in the same year “ by far the
best catalogue of the medicinal plants in the Chelsea Garden ever pub-
lished” was issued by the professor, J. L. Wheeler. This work was
at the same time a guide to medical botany, and, although the
classification adepted was that of Linné, it is of the greatest interest

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458 London Botanic Gardens. “"Gctober, 1808.”

to note that a synopsis according to the system of Jussieu was also
added.

This important phase of the Society's work was continued until
1853, and, between the years 1836-1853 the ame of the Chelsea
Garden was at its zenith, largely owing to the disinterestedness and
boundless activity of that great man, John Lindley, who occupied
the post of Professor of Botany and. Prefectus Horti during that
period. In 1853, the Society, hampered financially by the expenses
involved in this work, decided to relieve the strain by working their
garden more economically in the future. The lectures in the garden
were discontinued, the office of Prefectus Horti was abolished, and
the cultivation of plants requiring artificial heat was abandoned.
The annual prizes were, nevertheless, still awarded, and, in 1863,
chiefly through the efforts of one of the Society’s members, Nathaniel
Bagshaw Ward, the inventor of the “ Wardian Case,” an attempt
was made to restore the garden to a semblance of its formér stand-
ing. The garden still continued to attract a number of medical
students, but these were gradually drawn to the more easily accessi-
ble Regent’s Park Gardens. In 1878 a prize competition, open to
women only, was instituted by the Society with the object of en-
couraging the study of botany among women students. Notwith-
standing these spasmodic attempts to infuse new life into the work
of the garden, its importance gradually decreased until it sank into
insignificance ; it was saved from oblivion during this period, how-
ever, by its curator, Thomas Moore, who had been elected to the
post in 1848 on the recommendation of Lindley. Thomas Moore
was co-editor of the “ Treasury of Botany” with Lindley, and it is
chiefly to his labors that we are indebted for that invaluable dic-
tionary of the vegetable kingdom ; a work which has probably
contributed, in a greater degree than anything else, to make the
name of the Chelsea Garden known throughout the world. In 1899
the Trustees of the London Parochial Charities were appointed

_ trustees of the garden, and a committee of management, to be de-.

scribed later, was appointed; new plant houses, a lecture-room and
laboratory, etc., were erected, and, in 1902, the garden was formally
re-opened. The rdle of the garden is still mainly an educational
one ; specimens of living plants are supplied to a number of colleges
and schools, the laboratory is used for physiological work by the
students of the Royal College of Science, and advanced courses of

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Am. Jost. Pharm. | London Botanic Gardens. 459

university lectures are delivered in the lecture-hall. Since its reor-
ganization, however, the garden has also been used for purposes of
research, notably by Mr. Francis Darwin and by Sir William
Ramsay.

The Royal Botanic Society’s Gardens in Regent’s Park have had
but a short history, and, after what has been said in connection with
the Chelsea Garden, it can be summarized in a few lines. The
cultivation of medicinal and other economic plants has always been
fostered by the Royal Botanic Society, and, in consequence of this,
teachers in the medical schools soon found it advantageous to make
use of its gardens for the instruction of their pupils; for many years
the late Professor Bentley delivered lectures in the gardens at 7.30
o'clock on certain mornings to the students of the Pharmaceutical
Society’s School. The distribution of cut specimens of plants to
medical schools and other educational institutions (sometimes to the
extent of 60,000 specimens per annum) was an innovation which
helped to extend the sphere of usefulness of the Regent’s Park
Gardens, and these still remain the principal source of supply for
fresh botanical specimens to the majority of the medical schools in
London. One of the earliest features introduced by the Society
into its gardens was an exhibition ground where exhibitions of plants
and flowers were held periodically; of later years some of these
displays have been developed into very instructive exhibits of botan-
ical work done in schools. The museum, erected in 1851, was
originally furnished with specimens for educational purposes solely ;
the collections have since been considerably extended, more espe-
cially by the addition of economic products derived from the vege-
table kingdom, but the educational element still preponderates in
the collections, which are hardly of sufficient extent to be used for
purposes of reference as at Kew. In 1897 a practical gardening
school was established by the Society. In connection with this, a
portion of the gardens has been specially set aside for horticultural
work, and a laboratory, which is also used as a lecture-room, has
been erected. The Royal Botanic Society’s Gardens are also utilized
as a pleasure-ground by its Fellows and others, but the consideration
of this factor hardly comes within our province.

[ be continued,

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460 Helen Abbott Michael. { Peeve.

HELEN ABBOTT MICHAEL.
By SAMUEL P. SADTLER.

The subject of this sketch, a former special chemical student of
the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and at the time of her death
an honorary member of the College, as well as a member of several
learned societies, affords a striking example of a life devoted to
ennobling literary and scientific pursuits. .

Helen C. De Silver Abbott, daughter of James Abbott and Caro-
line Montelius, was born December 23, 1857, in Philadelphia, Pa.
Educated under the care of private teachers, she showed special
aptitude for music, which she studied both at home and abroad.
She was not only a brilliant performer on the piano, but made a
thorough study of the principles of music, and might have made
her mark, not only as a public performer, but as a composer.

In the early eighties she began to be interested in scientific
subjects, and in June, 1882, entered the Woman’s Medical College
of Pennsylvania and attended lectures for two sessions, but did not
graduate. Being attracted towards the study of chemistry, she
acted as assistant in the Chemical Laboratory of the Philadelphia
Polyclinic School for a time, and early in the summer of 1884 she
came to the writer to arrange for facilities for carrying out work on
plant chemistry. This led to her beginning work at the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy Laboratory, where she worked with some inter-
ruptions until 1887, when she went to Germany to pursue her studies.

The years spent in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Labora-
tory were very fruitful in valuable results in plant chemistry, as will
be seen from the appended list of published papers during this
period. She had special facilities provided by the Board of Trustees
of the College in a small research laboratory adjoining the main
Chemical Laboratory, and she gathered for herself through private
sources abundant supplies of some Mexican and Central American
plants that had never before been investigated. But she had also
the constant advice and direction in the work of an accomplished
botanist and chemist, the late Prof. Henry Trimble.

These papers on plant analysis and chemistry were also of great
theoretical interest, abounding, as they did, in most suggestive
thought. Dr. H. W. Wiley, of the Department of Agriculture, has
said with regard to them that “her studies in tracing the relations
existing between chemical composition and botanical species are of
the highest interest from the viewpoint of research.”

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HELEN ABBOTT MICHAEL,
1857-1904.

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In 1887 she received the distinction of election to membership in

the American Philosophical Society.

She went abroad this year with the intention of pursuing the
study of organic chemistry at Berlin, but was advised that the most
advanced student in synthetic organic chemistry, as applied to plant
substances, was Prof. Arthur Michael, of Tufts College, Mass., who
had in 1879 effected the first synthesis of the natural glucosides
helicin and salicin. She therefore returned to this country and
worked for a time in the laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, in Boston, under Professor Michael.

She was married to Professor Michael in Philadelphia in the sum-
mer of 1888, and again went abroad with him. After a two years’
trip around the world they settled for a time in the Isle of Wight,
where, in a private laboratory, with several assistants, they both re-
sumed chemical work. Mrs. Michael’s work done during this period
was mostly published in German chemical journals.

Professor Michael returned to this country to take the chair of
chemistry in the newly-founded Clark University, at Worcester,
Mass., and later removed to Boston and resumed his connection
with Tufts College.

Mrs. Michael, becoming interested in sociological work in Boston,
determined to again take up the study of medicine, and graduated
in June, 1903, from Tufts College Medical School with a most bril-
liant record. She turned her home on West Cedar Street into a
free hospital, and soon found the fullest scope for her attainments
and skill as well as for her philanthropic sympathies. This work
was done without giving up her interest in art and literature, as
is shown by her connection with different literary undertakings in
Boston. After a severe attack of the grip in the spring of 1904 her
health began to fail and she finally succumbed to heart failure,
passing away November 29, 1904.

Mrs. Michael was a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, a member of the American Philosophical
Society, a member of the German Chemical Society of Berlin, an
honorary member of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a mem-
ber of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the Franklin Insti-
tute of Philadelphia.

The list of her published papers, here appended, while not com-
plete, covers her contributions to chemical literature.

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462

1883.
1884.

1885.

1886,

1887.

1888.

1892.

1894.
1896.

1886.

1895.

1897.

Helen Abbott Michael. 7.

Paper on “‘ Nutritive Value of Condiments.” Published in 1883.

‘Preliminary Analysis of the Bark of Fonquieria Splendens.’’ Read
before Am. Phil. Soc., Nov. 7, 1884.

‘Yucca Augustifolia, a Chemical Study.” Read before Am. Phil. Soc.,
Dec. 18, 1885.

‘*On Hematoxylin in the Bark of Saraca Indica.’’ From Proceedings of
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Nov. 30, 1886,

‘*Certain Chemical Constituents of Plants Considered in Relation to
Their Morphology and Evolution.’’ Abstract of paper read before
Buffalo meeting of A. A. A. S., 1886.

‘** Preliminary Analysis of a Honduras Plant called ‘Chichipati.’’’ Also
read before the Buffalo meeting of the A. A. A. S., 1886,

Paper on ‘‘ Phlox Carolina.’’ Read before Am, Phar. Assoc., at Provi-
dence, R. I., Sept., 1886. '

‘*Plant Analysis as an Applied Science.” Lecture before Franklin Insti-
tute, Jan. 17, 1887.

‘*Plant Chemistry as Illustrated in the Evolution of Sugar from Sorg-
hum.’’ Delivered before the Alumni Association of the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy, Feb. 8, 1887. .

‘*Comparative Chemistry of Higher and Lower Plants.’’ Extracted from
American Naturalist, Aug. and Sept., 1887.

“*The Chemical Basis of Plant Forms.’’ Reprinted from Journal of the
Franklin Institute, Sept., 1887.

**On the Occurrence of Solid Hydrocarbons in Plants.’’ AM. Jour.
PHAR., July, 1888, jointly with Henry Trimble.

‘* Ueber eine neue Bildungsweise von aromatischen Nitriten.” By H. A.
M. and John Jeanprétre. Berlin. Berichte, No. 237.

“Zur Kenntniss der Mandelsdure und ihres Nitrits.’” By H. A. M. and
John Jeanprétre. Berlin. Berichte, No. 248.

‘‘Zur Kenntniss der Addition von Brom und Chlor zur festen Croton-
saure.’’ By Helen Abbott Michael.

(Separat Abdruck aus dem Journal fiir praktische Chemie, neue Folge,
Band 46; Leipzig, 1892.)

‘*Zur Constitution des Phloretins.’’ By Helen Abbott Michael. Berlin.
Berichte, No. 488.

‘*A Review of Recent Synthetic Work in the Class of Carbohydrates.’’
By H. Abbott Michael. Reprinted from the Journal of the Frankiin
Institute, Sept., 1896.

LITERARY PAPERS.

“Science in Philosophy and Art.’’ By ‘‘Celen Sabbrin.’’ Wm. F. Fell
& Co., Philadelphia, 1886. -

‘The Drama in Relation to Truth.’’ By Helen Abbott Michael. Read
before the New England Women’s Club, Dec. 10, 1894. Published in ©
Poet Lore, March, 1895.

‘*Woman and Freedom in Whitman.”’ Read before the Walt Whitman
Fellowship of Boston, Nov. 19, 1896. Published in Poet Lore, April
and June, 1897.

' |

Hot Alcohol_—Combination Percolator. 463

A SIMPLE ARRANGEMENT FOR PERCOLATION WITH
HOT ALCOHOL.

By H. M. GorpDIN,
Northwestern University, School of Pharmacy.

Most hot extraction apparatus have the disadvantage of being
costly and breakable and are generally suitable for small amounts
of drug only.

By means of the following simple arrangement any reasonable
amount of drug can be exhausted with hot alcohol in ordinary per-
colators.

The arrangement consists in rolling a coil of rubber tubing around
the percolator and passing a stream of hot water through the
tubing during the percolation.

The water can be heated in a separate vessel or obtained from
any other source and the percolator kept well covered to prevent
undue evaporation.

Such an arrangement requires, of course, a much larger amount
of alcohol than a Soxhlet, for example, but as the alcohol can be

recovered this is no particular disadvantage.

A COMBINATION PERCOLATOR AND SHAKING TUBE
FOR THE ASSAY OF ALKALOIDAL DRUGS?
By H. M. Gorpin,
Northwestern University, School of Pharmacy.

For the assay of some alkaloidal drugs, for example, coca and
belladonna, the U.S.P. of 1900 directs to shake the powdered drug
in an Erlenmeyer flask with a mixture of ether, chloroform and
ammonia for a certain length of time and then transfer the mixture
of drug and powder to a small percolator in which the drug is
exhausted by percolation with a mixture of ether and chloroform.

For the assay of some other drugs, for example, aconite, the
pharmacopeeia directs to use the same method, but substitutes
another menstruum for the exhaustion of the drug.

1 Presented at the meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association
September, 1905.

2Presented at the meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association
September, 1905.

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464 Combination Percolator and Shaking Tube. {*"GctSver

It is easy to see that there lurks a source of error in the opera-
tion of transferring the mixture of drug and menstruum from one
vessel to another, particularly in the case of ethereal menstrua,
which always have a great tendency to “creep” to the outer sides
of the vessel.

In order to avoid the necessity of transferring the mixture of
drug and menstruum from one vessel to another, I have devised a
simple apparatus by means of which both the shaking and the per-
colation of the drug with the suitable menstruum is carried out in
one and the same vessel.

The apparatus (see accompanying figure) consists of a cylindrical
tube drawn out at both ends so that it has the shape of an ordinary
percolator, but a neck like an ordinary bottle. The main body of
the tube has an inner diameter of 25 millimeters and is 200 milli-
meters long. ‘The lower, longer but narrower drawn-out part has
an inner diameter of 14 millimeters and is 30 millimeters long. At
the juncture of this narrow tube to the main body of the tube there
are three rather deep indentations in the narrow tube.! The upper
bottle neck-shaped end of the tube has an inner diameter of 17
millimeters and is 10 millimeters long. The whole apparatus is
made of strong glass of about I millimeter wall thickness.

The tube is used in the following way: A piece of cotton is
placed in a piece of cheese-cloth and then pushed up from below
with the cloth upwards into the narrow tube so that the plug
reaches the indentations and closes the tube rather tightly. The
plug is then followed by more cotton so as to nearly fill the narrow
tube and the latter is closed by a good perforated cork, through
which passes a thin glass stop-cock.

In the case of ethereal menstrua which percolate easily, a small
circular disc of filter paper can be placed on the top of the stop-
cock. In this case the percolate will be perfectly clear.

After closing the stop-cock the weighed-out drug is introduced
through the open end of the tube, and after adding the proper

1Of the three indentations only two are shown in the figure. The indenta-
tions on the outside are, of course, protuberances on the inside of the tube.

Avy, Jone, Pharmaceutical Preparations. 465

menstruum the apparatus is closed with a goodcork. The tube can
now be shaken any length of time without the plug becoming
dislodged.

After shaking the tube the prescribed length of time it is set
aside with the stop cock downwards till the drug has well settled
and the percolation then finished as with an ordinary percolator.

The shaking of the tube should always be done in the plane of it,
as violent side motions are liable to throw out the stopper of the
stop-cock unless it bs tied down.

Any maker of chemical glassware when given the description of
this percolator tube can make it in a few minutes at a very insignifi-
cant cost and in any desirable size.

The dimensions here given are suitable for 10 grams of drugs.

THE MANUFACTURE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARA-
TIONS!
By A. C. ZEIG, PH.C.

The preparing of medicaments for healing the sick and the
wounded, no doubt antedates pharmacy as a profession by many
centuries. Its evolution is the evolution of pharmacy itself through
many centuries of struggle for recognition as a profession, the sole
specialty of which was to be the preparing and dispensing of medi-
cine in accordance with the will of the physician.

The adoption of pharmacopceias and standard formule centuries
ago, no doubt, was a great aid to the apothecary of that time, and
history records the fact that a pharmacopceia was adopted as the
official standard as early as A.D. 1150, at Salerno, in the Kingdom
of Naples, Italy, and was recognized as the official standard through-
out Europe a long time after. Every apothecary was compelled,
under oath, to manufacture all the medicaments according to the
official pharmacopeeia.

The first work corresponding to the modern idea of a pharma-
copeeia, which likewise received legal sanction in Europe, was the
work of one Valerius Cordus, at Nuremberg, Germany, published
about 1546. All druggists were directed to prepare their medicines
according to the directions therein laid down.

1 Read at the Lewis and Clark Pharmaceutical Congress, Portland, Ore.,
July, 1905.

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466 Pharmaceutical Preparations. 43.50:

A work published in 1542 by Brother Bernardino Laredo, at the
convent of Valverde near Seville, gives some insight into the nature
of pharmaceutical preparations popular at that time. He describes

_ the medicines in use at that period as laxatives, pills, powders,

troches, narcotics, syrups, oils, decoctions, ointments, salves, plas-
ters, confections and conserves,

With the appliances or apparatus limited and crude, it is remark-
able to observe the list of products manufactured by the pharmacist
at that period.

The theriaca of to-day is but one example of the forms of medi-
cation in use in Ancient Rome. The confection of opium, recognized
in some of the European pharmacopeeias, is simply a substitute for
the exceedingly complex and unscientific electuary known as
theriaca or mithridate, invented by Andromachus, the head physi-
cian of Nero, a position which, no doubt, demanded a great deal of
skill and genius. This celebrated electuary has been handed down
to us through eighteen centuries. Andromachus is said to have
introduced it as an improvement on the, at that time, famous mith-
ridate. While the composition of the two electuaries were about
the same, theriaca contained vipers’ flesh and other less active ingre-
dients, principally aromatics, constituting in all about sixty in
number. The active ingredient would appear to have been opium,
about I per cent., but its popularity in those days of degenerate
Rome was supposed to be as a preventive and antidote for poisoning.
The fact of its containing a great many choice drugs made it im-
possible for it to be manufactured outside of the great trade centers
of.Italy. It was manufactured in Venice during the week of the
great annual fair, the yearly gathering for business and pleasure.

During the first half of the last century, the pharmacist of this
country manufactured all his galenicals, and purchased his mineral
acids, also the organic acids such as tartaric, citric, oxalic and ben.
zoic and the principal heavy chemicals in use at that time.

The introduction of a limited number of fluid extracts into the
pharmacopeeia of 1850 marks the beginning of a period notable in
the history of pharmaceutical manufacture in this country, inasmuch
as this class of preparations of American origin has become thor-
oughly popular and the number increased in subsequent revisions of
the United States Pharmacopceia, so that it embraces eighty-eight
official fluid extracts in the revision of 1890, besides those recog-

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Am-Jour. Pharm.) Pharmaceutical Preparations. 467

nized as semi-official in the National Formulary. In addition to
these, there are prepared in every pharmaceutical laboratory about
300 unofficial fluids, which constitute part of the stock on hand. Large
quantities of fluid extracts are annually manufactured in the United
States. In considering, for example, cascara sagrada, whose habitat
is on the coast, and for the supply of which we shall always have
to depend upon the drug gathered in this and adjoining States,
available data show that during the season of 1904 there were
shipped from this coast to the different parts of the globe, about
1,500,000 pounds of cascara bark, the greater portion of which
passed into the hands of manufacturers to be made into fluid ex-
tracts, such as the U.S.P., the bitterless and the aromatic.

Concerning the alkaloids, it may be said that the extraction of
alkaloids was in its infancy at the middle of the century, for although
quinine had been on the market several decades, its use was limited,
owing to the high price it commanded. The same was true regard-
ing morphine. Chloroform, ether, guncotton and collodion were in
use before the Civil War, while subsequently glycerin came into use
as a solvent in manufacturing pharmacy and-made possible important
advances in skin medication, resulting in the introduction of the
official glycerites into the Pharmacopceia of 1870. Large quantities.
of glycerin are annually employed in the laboratory. Its use as an
antiphlogistic in the form of a paste is of recent date and promises.
great possibilities.

The demand for medical supplies during the Civil War acted as a
stimulus to pharmaceutic manufacture and resulted in the establish-
ment of laboratories on a large scale. In consequence of the active
demand for pharmaceutical products, chemists devised new methods
for the extraction and purification of alkaloids, the manufacture of
chloroform, ether, nitrous ether, as well as fluid and solid extracts,
resulting in the cold-process extraction of drugs in use at the present
day. A vast number of new materia medica products were exploited
and it was the beginning of an era in pharmaceutic manufacture,
which for its scope, the number and character of products manufac-
tured, the mechanical devices and eee employed, exceeds all
efforts of preceding centuries.

The great activity in the field of manufacturing pharmacy no
doubt to some degree justified the alarm felt by some ot the retail
pharmacists, who maintained that the manu acturers were encroach.

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468 Pharmaceutical Preparations. an.

ing upon the field of the retailer and depriving him of part of his
revenue, or such as was derived from manufacturing his own prepa-
rations, maintaining, of course, that every pharmacist should manu-
facture his pharmaceuticals as much as possible. While such a view
of the matter would seem to be the correct one, and in harmony
with the views held thirty or forty years ago, the conditions have
changed, especially during the past thirty years. The addition of a
vast number of products to the materia medica from vegetable,
mineral, and animal sources, and the lack of machinery and necessary
appliances, makes the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations
a problem far beyond the scope or capacity of a druggist’s laboratory.
Greater advances have been made in the last thirty years in the per-
fecting of labor-saving machinery in use in the large laboratories
than have been made in all the preceding centuries.

As to important new features in machinery in the modern labora-
tory, I wish to call attention to the improved tablet machines,
capable of compressing 200,000 tablets in ten hours; pill-cutting
machines and vacuum gelatin-coating machines, which by means of
vacuum tubes and two operators, are capable of coating 75,000
to 100,000 pills in a day, supplanting the old process of gelatin
coating by means of the needle rack, which process left a nee tle-
hole in the finished pill. The use of vacuum stills for concentrating
extracts is an important feature in the modern laboratory and has
been in use for some years; another important feature is the cen-
trifugal extractor and the centrifugal filter, now being adopted in
place of the unsightly filter presses and the filter stands of the past.
Among other ingenious machines are the power suppository ma-
chine, collapsible-tube closing machine, mass mixers, granulators,
pulverizers and other labor-saving devices which constitute the
equipment of the modern manufacturing plant. Thus it'is that by
the use of labor-saving machinery of the present and the use of
improved processes and skilled operators, the pharmaceutical labora.
tories to-day are enabled to manufacture products quicker, cheaper
and better than was possible forty years ago, when such machinery
was not in use. Instead of the manufacturers encroaching upon the
field of the retail pharmacist, he is an aid to the retailer in the field
of pharmacy, and their interests are mutual, so to speak, as producer
and dispenser.

Laboratories are now established in nearly all the principal cities.

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Pharmaceutical Preparations. 469

The building of railroads and rapid communication with the large
cities enables the pharmacist of to-day to obtain his preparations
quicker than he can prepare them himself, and at no greater cost.

Besides, the problem of assay and standardization subsequent to
manufacture is to be dealt with, which in every well-regulated labo-
ratory to-day is a department of itself, for the present condition of
pharmaceutical science demands that products of greater exactness
and uniformity be presented to the prescriber than was possible four
decades ago. The advances made during that time enable the
manufacturer to better control the problem in hand, which means
by preliminary assay the securing of more reliable crude material
than was before possible.

The tendency at the present time is altogether in favor of a form
of medication which presents the medicament in the most compact,
convenient, and at the same time stable form possible, namely, in
the form of compressed tablets or tablet triturates. The value of
this form of medication is open to some controversy. Convenient
as they are, especially in first aid and in emergencies, they do not,
in some instances, satisfy the criticism of the chemist or the exact-
ing practitioner. Many of them have been called into existence by
physicians desirous to please fastidious patients, and are not based
upon good judgment or scientific principles. Often it would be wise
to discourage rather than to popularize them. This refers especially
to tablets containing organic ingredients of feeble chemical stability,
or such as are prone to change by oxidation or absorption of mois.
ture. They are porous bodies containing medicinal substances
highly subdivided and in some instances desiccated, without a pro-
tecting coating, and therefore in a condition to be readily affected
by those most potent factors—atmospheric oxygen and moisture.
Such medications are unstable unless the ingredients are resistant,
and many combinations should therefore be discarded, as, for ex-
ample, nitroglycerin and digitalin, nitroglycerin, digitalin and heroin,
nitroglycerin, strychnine and morphine, calcium sulphide and the
alkaloids, phosphorus or zinc phosphide, single or in combination,
etc.

The use of soluble elastic gelatin: capsules for administering un-
_ palatable medicaments has made it possible to administer oils,
oleoresins and balsams, or a solution of unpalatable medicaments
in oil. A great number of combinations or formule are now popular

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470 Pharmaceutical Preparations. —

and the use of elastic gelatin will no doubt always play an im-
portant part in medication of this character. Although described
as early as 1857, the elastic capsule did not appear on the market
until 1885.

The fact that the commercial salts of bismuth exist in the form
of sharp, prismatic crystals, or in a coarse or dense physical condi-
tion, has induced a Western manufacturer to place these salts on the
market in the form of a magma or milk of bismuth. As it is
claimed that the action of bismuth salts is entirely mechanical, it is
claimed for the amorphous bismuth magmas that owing to the ex-
treme fineness of division, they are capable of covering or coating
much more sensitive nerve surface than is possible by the use of the
commercial salts, which on drying assume a crystalline, prismatic
form or coalesce into granular masses.

Cresylic acid or cresol is taking the place of carbolic acid as an
antiseptic and disinfectant. It is used in combination with soap and
is said to be three times more powerful as a disinfectant and three
times less caustic and poisonous than carbolic acid. Large quantities
of the compound antiseptic are manufactured in the United States
annually and employed in surgical work in I and 2 per cent.
solutions.

The use of iron salts, organic and inorganic, will always play an
important part in medicine. The popular dialyzed iron of two dec-
ades ago has been supplanted by the more popular organic combina-
tion or so-called “peptonate”’ of iron. Large quantities of the
solution of iron peptonate and manganese are manufactured annually
in the United States.

The use of glycerino phosphoric acid and the glycerino phos-
phates in modern medication is noteworthy, inasmuch as they may
eventually take the place of the hypophosphites, so largely employed
at present in the form of syrups. Owing to their being hygroscopic
their use in tablets is not practicable, hence they are generally pre-
sented in solution in the form of elixirs.

The alchemist of old never realized that the yellow metal he
sought to produce would be utilized many centuries after him in
curing the liquor habit. At the present time gold chloride, gold
and sodium chloride and gold tribromide are constantly employed
in medications by the manufacturing chemist.

The antiseptic and. deodorant properties of copper oxide have

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Pharmaceutical Preparations. 471

rendered its use valuable for some time in the preparation of cements
for filling dental cavities. Recent researches at the New York
Quarantine Station have shown that sulphate of copper and
hydroxide of copper are among the most valuable deodorants and
disinfectants we possess, and promise to revolutionize the processes
of water purification in the future. ° By the use of an equal weight
of quicklime in combination with copper sulphate, the hydroxide of
copper is precipitated as the active agent of the mixture. Its action
is both mechanical and chemical. The insolubility of the cupric
hydroxide in water renders its use as a water-purifying agent par-
ticularly valuable.

Whether the therapy of radium will cause it to be admitted to
any future Pharmacopceia or to be employed in manufacturing
pharmacy is a matter difficult for conjecture. The metal was valued
at $55,000 an ounce in November, 1903, but has advanced since to
$900,000 an ounce. The great increase in the cost is due to the fact
that the Austrian Government practically cornered the world’s
supply of the precious metal and refuses to permit even a grain being
exported. Most of that exported prior to 1903 has found its way
into the cabinets of wealthy collectors and scientists and is being
held Aas a curiosity or for private experiments.

Regarding tinctures, it is important to learn that in the new Phar-
macopceia just being issued, the strength of tincture of aconite root
has been reduced from 35 to 10 per cent. and tincture of veratrum
viride from 40 per cent. to 10 percent. It is said that this was
done in accordance with the plan of the International Convention
held at Brussels two years ago, to make all tinctures of potent drugs
of a uniform strength. This country is the first country in which
the recommendation has been officially adopted, with some excep.
tions.

The employment of synthetic remedies, first introduced in this
country about two decades ago, has had its influence on pharma-
ceutical manufacture. The number of synthetics employed as reme-
dial agents is steadily increasing. While some of them have come
into disrepute as medicinal agents and their use as such discontinued,
new ones are being introduced from time to time to take their places.
Thus it is customary for the physician in prescribing to relieve pain,
instead of using old-time remedies to remove the cause of the pain,
he removes the pain almost instantly by the use of a synthetic

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472 Pharmaceutical Preparations. A October, 1908.

remedy, regardless of cause. Owing to the greater cost of synthetics
this condition of affairs has deprived the retailer of a share of his
revenue derived from prescriptions, the use of the old-time remedies
being more profitable to the prescription pharmacist.

The Pharmacopeeia as an authoritative standard has served as a
guide to both retailer and manufacturer. The names of Procter,
Maisch, Rice and Prescott, in connection with the United States
Pharmacopeeia and in the field of scientific pharmacy, should always
be remembered with honor and gratitude. The use of an authorita-
tive standard for fixing the strength and quality of medicines is quite
apparent, and is recognized by every civilized country. In this
country conformity to the standards of the Pharmacopceia is a
matter of choice, not compulsory, hence the Pharmacopceia does
not always receive recognition as an authority. A deplorable fea-
ture of manufactured pharmaceutical preparations to-day is their
lack of uniformity. The market is flooded with preparations under
pharmacopceial names which differ in character so that they will not
even mix with one another, although being marketed under identi-
cal names. It is not an uncommon occurrence to hear a pharmacist
say that he mixed two fluids, one prepared by Mr. Brown and the
other by Mr. Jones, and the result was an unsightly precipitate. If
pharmacopceial standards were adhered to such a state of things
could not exist. The advance in pharmaceutical knowledge has
made possible many improvements in processes of manufacture,
which is taken advantage of in many instances to reduce the cost of
production. In most instances, perhaps, where deviations of official
formulz are resorted to, it is induced by sharp competition in which
the manufacturer adopts a less expensive formula or process to make
a preparation equally as good as the official product at less cost.
The argument that the advance in pharmaceutical knowledge at the
present time makes possible many improvements in the processes does
not hold good when applied to official preparations. Physicians have
a right to demand uniformity in the official preparations. In the first
place, the absolute proof of its being an improvement over the official
method, and, secondly, the proof that the product is identical with
the pharmacopceial product, would have to be established. It should
be quite apparent, therefore, that the result of non-adherence to
pharmacopceial methods is disastrous to professional and public in-
terests. When the pharmacopceial method or standard is not

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Am. Jour. Pharm. Chemical Materia Medica. 473

adhered to in the manufacture of a preparation, the label should
specifically state how it differs from the pharmacopceial standard so _
that the buyer may be made aware of the fact that it is not an official
product, and thus make it possible for him to choose between the
official and the unofficial preparation.

The manufacture of unauthorized proprietary pharmaceutical
preparations or specialties, many of which possess undoubted thera-
peutic merit, has been regarded as a growing evil during the past
decade. While such preparations cannot be officially recognized
until divested of all secrecy and proprietary claims, the fact of their
possessing therapeutic merit ‘entitles them to recognition, provided
the proprietors or manufacturers publish full knowledge concerning
them for the benefit of science and relinquish all proprietary claims
to the same, relying upon the adoption of work marks or brand
names to properly distinguish their brand. Only when such condi-
tions are complied with by manufacturers, can the proprietary prep-
arations or specialties be classified as pharmaceutical products,
subject, of course, to standardization, and their use authorized for
pharmaceutical purposes.

With the advent of the new Pharmacopeeia just being issued and
correct standards, the field of manufacturing pharmacy provides
vast possibilities in the future. As in the past, the manufacturing
chemist will draw his crude material from nature’s green fields and
from the bowels of the earth. The animal kingdom will contribute
even a greater number of products to materia medica than it does
at present, and the manufacturing chemist, unlike the alchemist of
old, will have his processes illumined by the light of scientific
knowledge to guide him in the manufacture of medications comply-
ing with pharmacopceial standards for the benefit of mankind.

NATIONAL PHARMACY COMPANY,
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHEMICAL MATERIA MEDICA,

- Dr. FRIEDRICH SPERLING, in the appendix to an address on “ The
Materia Medica Once and Now,” delivered before the Austrian Phar-
maceutical Association at Vienna, March I1, 1905, gives a chron-
ologically arranged list of the introduction of some of the more im-
portant chemical medicaments.

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474 Chemical Materia Medica. Any.

The list itself is published in the Pharmaceutische Post (1905, page
175) and from it the following has been abstracted :

SUBSTANCES KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS.

Sulphur ; this substance is mentioned in the oldest scientific works.

Ammonium chloride; sal ammoniac was known to Herodotus and
is said to have been discovered in the neighborhood of a temple
dedicated to Jupiter Ammon, in Libya.

Realgar and sulphide of antimony.

Potassium carbonate ; known to Dioscorides.

Sodium carbonate ; supposed to be identical with potassium car-
bonate. Identified by Duhamel in 1736, and Marggraf, 1759.

Gypsum, lead carbonate, lead oxide, iron, ferrous sulphate, alum,
zinc ores, zinc oxide, known as cadmia or pompholix, to the alchem-
ists as “Lana philosophica,” or, on account of its resemblance to
snow flakes, “ Nix alba.” s

Gold, silver, copper, as “ Aes cyprium.”

Cupric sulphate; known to the Greeks as chalcanthum, to the
Romans as atramentum sutorium. More closely described by Basil-
ius Valentinus. Directions for making were given by Van Helmont,
1644, and Glauber, 1648.

Mercury; known to Aristotle.

Vinegar, lead plaster, soap; the earliest descriptions are found in
the works of Pliny.

Potassium bitartrate ; in the crude state this was known to the
Greeks and Romans, to the latter as “ Fax vini.”

Oil of turpentine.

Sodium chloride.

[ Zo be continued.

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American Pharmaceutical Association. 475

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION.

FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING.

The fifty-third annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical
Association was held at Atlantic City, September 4th-gth, the
Hotel Islesworth being the headquarters of the Association. Con-
sidering that the meeting was held so far from the geographical
center, the attendance was fair, representatives being present from
the extreme limits of the States, Canada and one from England.
Whatever may be said of the status of American pharmacy as a
whole, and while some may regret that the membership of the
Association is not larger, it must have been apparent to every one
who attended the Atlantic City meeting, that the Association is
doing a great work, and that its members are not only cognizant of
the needs of their calling, but that they are doing all in their power
to advance and safeguard the interests of that calling, be they
educational, scientific, commercial or otherwise. In fact, the Ameri-
can Pharmaceutical Association may be looked upon as the clearing-
house of American pharmacy, as stated by one of the delegates,
Thos, F. Main.

FIRST GENERAL SESSION.

The meeting was formally opened on Monday afternoon, Septem-
ber 4th, with the president of the Association, James H. Beal, of
Scio, O., in the chair. Addresses of welcome were made by Mayor
F. P. Stoy, of Atlantic City, H. H. Deakyme for the local drug
association, and by Dr. W. C. Alpers, representing the New Jersey
Pharmaceutical Association. Responses on behalf of the Association
were made by the following members: Dr. George F. Payne,
Atlanta, Ga.; Leo Eliel, South Bend, Ind; and by Prof. H. P.
Hynson, of Baltimore.

The official delegates and others were then called upon, and
among those who spoke were the following: N. H. Martin, Gates-
head.on-Tyne, England; Prof. J. M. Hargreaves, delegate from the
Ontario College of Pharmacy; Thos, F. Main, delegate from the
National Wholesale Druggists’ Association; Dr. Reid Hunt and
Albert M. Roehrig, representing the Public Health and Marine
Hospital Service; W.S. Douglas, delegate from the Proprietors’

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American Pharmaceutical Association.

Association of America; Geo. H. Klock, representing the U. S.
Navy ; and Prof. Joseph P. Remington, who replied to the delegates.

Vice-President P. C. Candidus was called to the chair while the
presidential address was delivered. This address was pleasing in a
rhetorical sense and in other ways left little to be desired. Presi-
dent Beal, taking as his theme “The Mission of the American
Pharmaceutical Association,” kept well-within practical and common-
sense lines, at the same time interpreting the signs of the times in
pharmacy as indicative of better things to come, or “ that we are in
the midst of changes which, when accomplished, mean no less than
a revolution in the ancient order of things.” Among the subjects
dwelt upon by the speaker were the relation of the pharmacist to
the law, and the pure food and drug laws. Concerning the former
he said: ‘Not the least important duty of our Association is to
formulate and, as far as possible, to disseminate correct ideas con-
cerning the pharmacist in his relation to the law, a subject that
within the past few years has attained an importance almost vital to
the existence of our vocation.” In regard to the latter subject, he
said: “ With the purpose and intent of these laws every honest
man must be in sympathy; against the practical effect of some of
them every intelligent man who is acquainted with the facts must
protest.” In concluding this portion of the address the President
made the following recommendation:

In view, therefore, of the great and constantly increasing importance of this
subject to the practice of pharmacy, I recommend that the President be
instructed to appoint, or that the Association or its Council select, a commit-
tee of discreet and competent persons to take into consideration the legal
definition of adulteration, especially as applied to the use of preservatives, and
to report their conclusions at the next annual meeting of this Association ;
this report, when approved, to be made the subject of a communication to the
general public and to the Governors of the various States, in order that the
average citizen may have the opportunity of learning the facts concerning the
use of preservatives.

The address, which contained several other recommendations,
was referred to a committee consisting of Edward Kremers, Henry
Kraemer and R. G. Eccles.

The minutes of Council were read by its secretary, H. M. Whelp-
ley, and adopted.

Chairman H. P. Hynson, of the Committee on Exhibits, reported

4

American Pharmaceutical Association, 477

that twenty-eight firms had made displays, and that the proceeds
from this source would be approximately $1,000.

The following Committee on Time and Place of Next Meeting was
announced: A. E. Ebert, F. E. Stewart, C. G. Merrell, Caswell A.
Mayo and F. C. Godbold.

SECOND GENERAL SESSION.

After the reading of the minutes of the first session the report of
the Nominating Committee was presented by its secretary, C. S. N.
Hallberg, whereupon the following officers were elected for the
ensuing year:

President, Joseph L. Lemberger, Lebanon, Pa.; First Vice-Presi-
dent, Charles Holzhauer, Newark, N. J.; Second Vice-President,
Charles A. Rapelye, Hartford, Conn.; Third Vice-President, F. C.
Godbold, New Orleans, La.; Treasurer, S. A. D. Sheppard, Boston;
General Secretary, Charles Caspari, Jr., Baltimore; Reporter on the
Progress of Pharmacy, C. Lewis Diehl, Louisville, Ky.; Members of
Council, James H. Beal, Albert M. Roehrig and Wm. Mittelbach.
At the final session Edward Kremers was elected to fill the vacancy
on the Council made by the election of Mr. Lemberger to the
presidency.

During the reading of the minutes of Council the Secretary stated
that the Association then had 1,776 members, the largest member-
ship in its history. The work of Wm. Mittelbach, chairman of the
Committee on Membership, was praised, and a special vote of
thanks tendered him by the Association for his services.

The Treasurer, S. A. D. Sheppard, presented a report covering
the period from July I, 1904, to July 1, 1905, to the effect that the
money handled by the Association during this period was $12,702.17,
and that the balance to its credit was $4,095.18.

The Secretary, Charles Caspari, Jr read an itemized financial
report for the year.

The Committee on National Formulary presented through its
chairrian, C. Lewis Diehl, a report which was received and referred
to the Section on Practical Pharmacy. and Dispensing.

The Committee on President’s Address reported through the
chairman, Edward Kremers, and the following recommendations
were approved by the Association:

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(1) The establishment of a monthly bulletin by division of the matter now
appearing in the annual volume of proceedings.

(2) That one unofficial trial be given the Association at large to vote for
officers.

(3) That the General Secretary and the members of the Association who are
residents of Canada be constituted a committee to consider the establishment
of a Canadian Section and to report upon the matter to Council.

(4) That the Council be instructed to invite propositions from responsible
publishing houses for the publication of the. National Formulary upon such
terms as will insure its most extensive circulation and at the same time yield
the greatest financial return to the Association.

(5) That the incoming president be instructed to appoint special member-
ship committees as follows: (@) To solicit members from the faculties and
student bodies of the colleges of pharmacy; (4) to solicit members from the
boards of pharmacy; (¢c) to canvass the State and local pharmaceutical associa-
tions; (d) and to look after lapsed and suspended members.

(6) The recommendation on the use of preservatives was referred to the
Scientific Section.

‘In presenting the report of the Committee on National Legisla-
tion, Chairman A. E. Ebert strongly urged the Association either
to extend the jurisdiction of the present committee or to appoint a
new committee to consider the whole subject of legislation, both
state and national, not only for the purpose of securing uniform
laws regulating such practices as the indiscriminate sale of narcot-
ics, which was declared to be very important, but also for the pur-
pose of securing jurisdiction in matters of legislation of special inter-
est to pharmacists. A motion by C. A. Mayo to amend the by-laws
so as to provide for the recommendation by Mr. Ebert, was carried.

The report of the delegates to the Section on Pharmacology of the
American Medical Association was presented by C. S. N. Hallberg
and referred to a special committee composed of M. I. Wilbert,
George M. Beringer and George B. Kauffmann.

HISTORICAL SECTION.

Albert E. Ebert, Chairman. Caswell A. Mayo, Secretary.
: Edward Kremers, Historian.

The Historical Section held one session, this being on Tuesday
evening. In his address the Chairman outlined the duties of the
three officers of the Section, he holding to the position that the
work of the chairman and secretary should be mainly executive,
' while the historian should be free to devote his time to collecting,
editing and conserving matter of historical interest. The Chairman

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recommended that the Association provide membership for the
Section in the American Historical Association and the American
Geographical Association, whose publications are extremely pence
and this was approved.

H. M. Whelpley presented on behalf of the Illinois Pharmaceuti-
cal Association, an historical gavel, which had been presented to
that association by President Patterson.

The Secretary presented a report on the status of the pharmacists
in the Army and Navy during the Civil War, and said that he was
of the opinion “that the Association had erred in attempting to
raise the status of the hospital steward, and that it would have been
better to have proposed the organization of a wholly new pharma-
ceutical corps composed entirely of highly skilled parmacists who
should all be commissioned officers.” Mr. Ebert spoke of the efforts
which had been made to raise the standard of army steward, and
said that Dr. Senn, when consulted upon this question, had sug-
gested the revival of such an office as existed during the Revolu-
tionary War, and that President McKinley favored the creation of
the office of apothecary-general.

The following papers were presented : “ The Recorded History of
the Pharmacy of the Civil War,” by M. I. Wilbert, in which refer-
ence was made to some six or seven papers extant on this subject;
two papers by H. M. Pettit, which were read by title, one of them
being on “ Reminiscences of the Pharmaceutical Service in the Con-
federacy ;” “« Confederate Resources,” by C. H. Thibault, which was
presented by E. G. Eberle.

The Historian made a report in which he called attention to the
manner in which the archives of the Section are being cared for.

E. H. Gane presented to the Section the first device which was
used in this country for the gelatin-coating of pills, which was used
about 1869 or 1870.

Other papers presented to the Section were as follows: “The
National Retail Druggists’ Association” and the “ Kings County
(N. Y) Pharmaceutical Society,” by E. A. Sayre; “ The Drug Trade
in Cleveland Prior to 1875,” by Joseph Feil; «‘ Reminiscences from
Watertown, Wis.,” by Dr. E. W. Johnson; “ A Directory of Balti-
more Druggists in 1833,” and “A Biographical Sketch of George
Wansey Andrews, of Baltimore,” by John F. Hancock; “A Bio-
graphical Sketch of Chas. Caspari, Sr.,” by Chas. E. Caspari; “ First

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480 American Pharmaceutical Assoctation. October, 1905.

Call and First Four Meetings of the A. Ph. A.,” and “ The Drug
Periodicals of Missouri,” by H. M. Whelpley; “Early History of
the A. Ph. A.,” by Thos, S. Wiegand; “A Contribution to the
History of Pharmacy in Texas,” by E. G. Eberle ; «The Department
of Pharmacy of Vanderbilt University,” by J. T. McGill, and “Ameri-
can Hospital Formularies,” by M. I, Wilbert. H.P. Hynson pre-
‘sented “A List of the Professional Pharmacies in the United States.”

Original manuscripts and other matters of historical interest were
presented by various members: Professor Diehl, the original manu-
scripts of the “ Reports on the Progress of Pharmacy,” prepared by
him in 1867 and 1868; Miss Adelaide Rudolph, a scrap-book con-
taining letters of Dr. Chas. Rice and clippings of articles relating to
him, particularly since his death; M. I. Wilbert exhibited a scrap-
book of photographs and historical prints relating to pharmacy.

The archives of this section were enriched the past year by the
Hoffmann collection of books, manuscripts, etc. The details con-
nected with the importation of this collection were looked after by
Messrs. Schimmel & Co., of Leipzig, and by Messrs. Fritzsche
Brothers, of New York, who also defrayed the expenses connected
therewith, and for which the thanks of the Section were voted
them. A motion to thank Mrs. Hoffmann for the donation was also
adopted.

The following officers were elected: Chairman, John F. Hancock;
Secretary, C. S. N. Hallberg; Historian, Edward Kremers,

SECTION ON EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION.
Harry B. Mason, Chairman. Francis B. Hays, Associate.
William L. Cliffe, Secretary.

The Section on Education and Legislation was convened on Wed-
nesday, and held two sessions. Francis B. Hays was called to the
chair while the address of the Chairman was presented. The
address, which gave a resumé of the year’s progress, was clear-cut
and dealt with the educational problem in pharmacy in a way which
all those who have this subject at heart would wish to have it
treated. It was pointed out that pharmacy has unquestionably
entered upon a new era in educational requirements, and the im-
portance of establishing definite entrance and curriculum standards
in the prerequisite laws hereafter to be enacted was emphasized.

The report of the Secretary, which gave certain registration sta-

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tistics and references to the new pharmacy laws, was read and
adopted.

A report by E. G. Eberle on “ The Antinarcotic Legislation of
the Year” was, on motion, read by title.

The report of the special committee on a Model Graduation Pre-
requisite Law was presented by the chairman, J. H. Beal, and after
considerable discussion was adopted as read. The report em-
bodied the following resolution:

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Section on Education and Legislation
of the American Pharmaceutical Association that when graduation from a col-
lege of pharmacy is required as a prerequisite to registration, the college
course should be preceded by a general education at least the equivalent of
one year in a high school, and that Boards of Pharmacy should increase this
standard to that of high-school graduation as rapidly as conditions in the sev-
eral States will permit.

The report of the special Committee on Pharmaceutical Degrees,
which was a majority report, was presented by the chairman,
Charles Caspari, Jr. Action on the report was, however, postponed
until after certain papers having a bearing on the subject under con-
sideration had been presented. These were: Why the Doctorate
Degree should be settled upon in Pharmacy,’ by Henry P. Hyn-
son; “ Why the Doctorate Degree should not be settled upon in
Pharmacy,” by Edward Kremers, and one of similar purport by J. T,
McGill, supplementing the committee’s report. After considerable
discussion two of the three recommendations made by the commit-
tee were adopted. They are as follows:

(1) It is recommended that the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy
(Ph.G.) be granted by colleges that comply with the minimum re-
quirements adopted by the Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties
at its last session, September 8, 1904.

(2) It is also recommended that the degree of Pharmaceutical
Chemist (Ph.C.) be granted on the following conditions : The college
desiring to confer the degree should require as a minimum for en-
trance two years of complete work ina high school, or its equiva-
lent. College work to consist of at least 750 hours of lectures and
recitations and 900 hours of laboratory work.

A substitute for the third recommendation of the committee,
offered by Henry P. Hynson, was, after an amendment by E. H.
Bartley, adopted. This was to the effect that it was the sense of
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482 American Pharmaceutical Association,

granted only by those colleges giving a three years’ course, and
having an entrance requirement of two years in a high school.

Among the papers read were the following :

“ The Nomenclature of Proprietary Medicines,” by C. S. N. Hall-
berg, calling attention to the lack of system in nomenclature, and
declaring that scientific nomenclature should be required of all
medicines.

“Why the Mann Bill should be enacted,” by George M. Ber-
inger, and ‘“‘ Why the Mann Bill should not be enacted,” by W. H-
Burke, the latter being read by title.

“ The Sale of Alcoholic Liquors by Pharmacists,” by Clement B.
Lowe.

Of the papers received the following were read by title: «The
New Graduate Prerequisite Amendment in Pennsylvania,’’ by Joseph
P. Remington; “Trade Training in Pharmaceutical Schools,” by
Oscar Oldberg; “The Four Years’ Experience Prerequisite,’ by J.
T. McGill; «The Pharmacist, the Physician and the Hospital,” by
F. E. Fisk ; “ The Relation of Boards of Pharmacy to the Organized
Boards of Pharmacy,” by Murray G. Motter; “ National Boards of
Pharmacy,” by G. Wolff. A paper by R.G. Eccles, on the “ Effects
Upon the Community of the Use of Preservatives in Foods and
Beverages,” was referred to the Scientific Section.

The election of officers resulted in the choice of Oscar Oldberg,
chairman, and Joseph W. England, secretary. The following asso-
ciates were chosen: George M. Beringer, J. T. McGill and D. F-
Jones.

SCIENTIFIC SECTION.

E. H. Gane, Chairman. Daniel Base, Associate.
Chas. E. Caspari, Secretary.

Beginning on Wednesday evening, this Section, including an ad-
journed session on Friday afternoon, held three business sessions.

Professor Base presided while Mr. Gane read his address. The
address was both timely and suggestive, and ought to help in direct-
ing the efforts of the Section, as well as the Association at large,
along lines which appear to have been neglected, and which rightly
lie within the province of applied scientific pharmacy. While in no
way disparaging the work of the Scientific Section, it was pointed
out “that pharmacy is not in any sense a pure science,” but that “it

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Am. Jour. Pharm.| American Pharmaceutical Association. 483

should be one of the greatest of applied sciences, and the pharma-
cist should occupy as high a position as the physician or the chem-
ist . . . Side by side with investigations in pure science, we
need to give more attention to the problems confronting the practi-
cal pharmacist which require for their solution the aid of our scien-
tific investigators. What hope is there of securing due recognition
of the applied science of pharmacy when the perhaps more fascinat-
ing field of pure science attracts most of our most capab‘e workers ?”
The address, which should be read in full and which we hope to
publish in a later issue of this JouRNAL, was referred to a committee
composed as follows: W. A. Puckner, E. H. Bartley and Samuel P.
Sadtler.

The Committee on Ebert Prize announced through its chairman,
H. H. Rusby, that the prize had been awarded to Prof. Ernst
Schmidt, University of Marburg, for his paper entitled «‘ Concerning
Choline, Neurine, and Allied Compounds.”

The report of the Committee on the Drug Market was presented
in the absence of the chairman, E. L. Patch, by Lyman F., Kebler.
The report was adopted, as was also the following resolution, which
was referred to the General Session :

Resolved, That the American Pharmaceutical Association earnestly condemns
the use of any form of wood alcohol in any pharmaceutical or proprietary
preparation, whether designed for internal or external medical use, or to be
applied as a toilet lotion.

The following papers were presented :

Scopolne. By Ernest Schmidt. Presented by Edward Kremers.
This paper presented a continuation of the report made by the
author to the Association in 1892. The stubly of the constitution of
scopoline was conducted along parallel lines to those which had
proved successful in revealing the structure of tropine, tropidine,
tropinone and related compounds. The author, however, arrived at
the conclusion that the analogy, assumed for the purpose of rational
investigation, was not upheld by the facts revealed by the experi-
ments reported. Three lines of investigation were presented: (1)
Attempts to remove the oxygen, (a2) dehydration, and (4) indirect
reduction ; (2) the distillation of scopoligenine, with zinc dust in an
atmosphere of hydrogen resulting in the formation of pyridine, and
(3) oxidation with (@) bromine (yielding scopoligenine), (6) with
hydrogen dioxide (yielding an unstable oxidation product), and (c)

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484 American Pharmaceutical Association,

with chromic acid (yielding, among other substances, an oxygen
free base).

The Influence of Alkaline Substances upon Oxidation Processes. By
E. Schaer. Presented by E. Kremers. These influences were dis-
cussed according to the nature of the oxidation, under three
classes: (1) Oxidations produced by the salts of heavy, more
particularly, noble metals (¢. g. Fehling’s solution, etc.); (2)
intra-molecular oxidation (¢. g., guaiac blue, quinone, benzoyl per-
oxide, etc.); (3) spontaneous oxidation with the formation of
more stable and more highly oxidized products. The paper
presented a resumé of the work done at the Pharmaceutical
Institute of the University of Strassburg, and elsewhere, and pub-
lished in journals and proceedings of several countries. The author
concluded his essay with the statement that the activating influence
of alkalies, even of the weakest ones, was so far-reaching in pro-
cesses of oxidation and auto-oxidation that their presence could no
longer be ignored in chemical and pharmaceutical work.

Chemical Examination of Grindelia. By Frederick B. Power and
Frank Tutin. Presented by Chas. Caspari, Jr. The drug used for
this examination was considered to be Grindelia robusta, one of the
varieties of the latter or a closely related species, it having been
procured in an original package directly from California. The
authors conclude from their work (1) that the chief constituents of
Grindeha are amorphous resins, to which its medicinal value is
probably to be attributed; (2) Grindeha contains a considerable
amount of a lzvo-rotatory sugar, apparently /-g/ucose. It also con-
tains proteid substances, amorphous coloring matter and tannin, and
an exceedingly small amount of an essential oil, possessing the char-
acteristic odor of the drug; (3) they are unable to confirm the ob-
servations of previous investigators respecting the presence of a
saponin or an alkaloid.

Contribution to the Chemistry of Chelidonine. By J. O. Schlot-
terbeck and Burton S. Knapp. Chelidonine is the principal alkaloid
of Chelidonium majus and Stylophorum diphyllum. Its tormula is
C,,H,,NO,,H,O and melting point 136°. It contains one hydroxyl
and forms beautiful acetyl and benzoyl compounds. Saturated with
HCI gas at 20° and then allowed to stand in a sealed tube for six
days at ordinary temperature, chelidonine seems to be converted into
amorphous tri-chelidonine. Fusion with alkali gives a phenolic
body, probably proto-catechuic acid. Zinc dust distillation does not

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yield phenanthrene, but merely amines, ammonia and pyrrol.
Treatment with PCI, in the cold gives a mixture of white amor-
phous mono-chlor-chelidonine C,,Hy,CINO, and an amorphous leuco
compound containing one less hydrogen, C,H,,CINO,. Treatment
with PCI, with heat gives a mixture of the two compounds men-
tioned and in addition a colorless crystalline chlor-base, containing
two less hydrogens and giving bright red crystalline salts with acids.
The hydrochloride has the composition C,H,,CINO,5H,O. The
mono-chlor base is converted into the leuco base and the latter into
the color compound with PCl,;. The leuco base is easily converted
into the color base with halogens. The color base is reduced to
the leuco base with reducing agents. Further work may show a
close relationship with sanguinarine, which is also colorless in the
free state and bright red in the form of salt. Mixture of nitric and
glacial acetic acids oxidizes chelidonine, in the cold and on long
standing, to a beautifully crystalline acid melting above 300°.

Owing to the small percentage of alkaloid in the drug, the work
is necessarily tedious, and its continuance is dependent upon addi-
tional supplies of the drug. In this connection the authors acknowl-
edged with thanks an offer of Mapes. Merck & Co. to furnish larger
quantities of drug.

On the Crystalline Alkaloid of Calycanthus Glaucus. (Second
paper.) By H. M. Gordin.

The subject of this paper, which was read by title, is a continua-
tion of the research upon calycanthine, the active alkaloid ot Caly-
canthus glaucus. Ina previous paper the preparation and analysis
of calycanthine and its salts with the halogen acids and chloro-
platinic acid were given. In the present paper the preparation and
analysis of the salts of calycanthine with oxyacids, with chlorauric
acid and mercuric chloride are described as well as the first attempts
to get some idea of the constitution of the alkaloid. The salts pre-
pared are as follows: A neutral and an acid sulphate, a nitrate, a
picrate, a chloraurate, two oxalates and a double salt of calycan.
thine hydrochloride and mercuric chloride. The sulphates, the
nitrate, the picrate and the: neutral oxalate were found to have the
normal composition. The acid oxalate, the chloraurate and the mer-
cury salt have an abnormal composition, all containinz an excess ot
base or of its hydrochloride. No tartrates could be obtained in
orms suitable for analysis. It is shown that the alkaloid is a sec-

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486 American Pharmaceutical Association,

ondary base forming a nitrosamine when treated with nitrous acid.
It also contains a methyl group attached toa nitrogen atom. The
alkaloid forms a sulphonic acid when treated with strong sulphuric
acid and gives several methyl derivatives when treated with methyl
iodide. Of these one is a quaternary base not precipitable by sodium
carbonate from the aqueous solution of its salts.

An Improved Form of Retort Stand for Druggists’ Use. By J. P.
Remington, Jr.

The author described the construction of a retort stand consisting
of an iron base, an upright of wrought-iron pipe (1 inch), with a
set of ingeniously constructed clamps, into which the shafts of the
rings fit and can be securely fastened to the upright at any time and
in any position.

The novel feature of this retort stand consists in the construction
of the clamp, which is shaped like the letter U, with two holes in
the ends through which the shafts of the rings are run and fastened
securely by a thumb-screw in the curved end of the clamp.

Drugs Which are Specially Liable to Substitution. By H. H.
Rusby. Quite a number of vegetable drugs were considered, and in
each case samples were exhibited showing the points of resemblance
or difference between the spurious and genuine drugs.

In discussing this subject Professor Hallberg said that it was evi-
dent that crude drugs should also be inspected, and that we had not
progressed much since 1852, when the Association was organized
for the purpose of having imported drugs inspected. Dr. R. W.
Moore said that there is an excellent law on this subject, which,
however, does not recognize certain standards. He said that in
New York the work is done thoroughly, but he could not speak in
regard to other ports. One of the questions which arose was
whether a drug deficient in constituents might not be used to work
into products, but not allowed to go to the consumer.

The Quality of Drugs Coming into New York. By R. W. Moore.
The author outlined the methods used in most of the custom
houses, and cited examples to show where the quality of imported
drugs had been improved as a result of the rejection of those below
the standard.

This paper was also the occasion for considerable discussion, in
which Messrs. Hallberg, Wilbert, Moore, Eccles and Beringer took
part. Mr. Wilbert asked if the work of inspection was not being

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carried on under the law of 1849, and said that the department is
using standards no longer official. He said that we seem to have no
way to cope with this question, as a drug rejected in one port may
be admitted at another. He then recommended that the matter be
referred to the Committee on Legislation, which was approved.

The Adulteration of Chemicals. By L. F. Kebler. In order to
arrive at a proper understanding of the amount of adulteration in
chemicals, it is necessary to clearly define what is meant by adultera-
tion. Gross, deliberate sophistications of chemicals by manufactur-
ers, jobbers and brokers do not, in the experience of the writer,
amount to I per cent. If, however, those chemicals are classed as
adulterated which do not conform to well recognized standards of
quality or which fall below the professed standards under which
they are sold, approximately 25 per cent. are adulterated. Such
adulterations are due to a deficiency in strength in some cases, and
more often to the iailure of the manufacturer to sufficiently purify
his chemicals.

Dr. Eccles remarked at the close of the paper that by using the
word “ adulteration” a false impression is given; that adulteration of
drugs in the eyes of the public is an entirely different question.
Benjamin T. Fairchild said that Dr. Eccles had referred to an im-
portant matter, and that something should be done to remedy it.
He said that nearly all drug laws read that when a drug falls below
a standard it is adulterated, which is not the case.

Drug Plant Investigations of the Department of Agriculture. By
R. H. True. These consist of field and laboratory investigations.
Field work includes the working out of practical methods of growing
drug plants and of curing the product. It also includes (1) plants
and products now imported from other countries for which our
country furnishes suitable conditions; ¢. g., opium poppy, camphor,
licorice, belladonna, etc. (2) The utilization of plants now neglected,
especially weeds; ¢. g., stramonium, burdock, yellow dock, etc. (3)
The domestication and cultivation of valuable wild drug plants now
becoming commercially rare; ¢. g., golden seal, which was stated to
be one of the most difficult of the problems presented.

Field work is carried on in Vermont, District of Columbia, South
Carolina and Texas.

Laboratory work at Weshiniais D. C., embraces histology,
chemical plant physiology and pharmacology.

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Estimation of Caseine (a preliminary study). By H. V. Arny
and T. M. Pratt. To be published in a later issue of this JOURNAL.

Gelsemium Root. By L. E. Sayre. Presented by Chas. Caspari,
Jr. A comparison was made of the fresh and dried root. By
the process of alkaloidal extraction a quantitative estimation of
the tresh and dried root was made; the comparative estimation
being based mainly upon alkaloidal-content. Physiological data
were also referred to.

The three following papers were presented by W. A. Puckner:

Estimation of Caffeine in Presence of Acetanilide. In estimating
acetanilide and caffeine in headache remedies the extraction of
both from an acid medium by means of chloroform and the subse-
quent precipitation of caffeine as periodide suggested itself. The
details are given which lead to the adoption of a method in which
acetanilide and caffeine are extracted by chloroform in presence of
sulphuric acid, the chloroform distilled off, the residue dried to ob-
tain caffeine plus acetanilide. From this residue the caffeine is then
extracted, precipitated with iodine, the periodide decomposed with
sodium sulphite and the caffeine extracted with chloroform.

Notes on the Estimation of Caffeine. Experiments made to
determine the conditions under which caffeine may be dried without
loss, show: (a) If caffeine, dried at 95°, is dissolved in water or
chloroform, evaporated at a room temperature and dried over sul-
phuric acid, practically the original weight is obtained. (4) If caf-
feine, dried at 95°, is dissolved in chloroform, the solvent evaporated
from a shallow dish at 50°-60° and dried at this temperature prac-
tically the original weight is obtained. While vaporization can be
demonstrated, it is not sufficient to affect the results of quantitative
work. (c) From a chloroform solution of caffeine the solvent may
be distilled off and the residue dried at 95° without loss of caffeine.
If, on the other hand, the solution is contained in a shallow dish and
after evaporation is dried at 95°, then an appreciable loss of caffeine
occurs. [asilly’s conclusions, that caffeine does not become anhy-
drous, even if dried at 110°, were in a measure confirmed.

The Estimation of Acetanilide. Incidental to the estimation of
acetanilide in certain headache remedies it became desirable to make
experiments relative to the temperature at which ether or chloro-
form, this having been used to separate it from other constituents,
could be expelled and the residue obtained in condition for weigh-

ang. These experiments show that acetanilide is quite volatile at

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Am. Jour American Pharmaceutical Association. 489

comparatively low temperatures. From its ether or chloroform
solution the solvent may be evaporated at room temperature and
the residue brought to constant weight over sulphuric acid without
loss of substance. If the solvent is distilled from a flask and the
residue dried at 50°—60°, loss by volatilization is slight and a prac-
tically constant weight is attained in twelve to twenty-four hours.
At 95° acetanilide is appreciably volatile even when contained in a
narrow-necked flask. The residue obtained, when from an ether or
chloroform solution the solvent is driven off, is not pure acetanilide,
and if loss by vaporization is guarded against, high results are inva-
riably obtained.

Plant Pigments, with Special Reference to the Quinhydrone
Hypothests of Plant Pigmentation. By I. W. Brandel and Edward
Kremers. This monograph is the outcome of several years’ work,
which had its beginning in the discovery of thymoquinone, hydro-
_ thymoquinone and thymoquinhydrone in the oil of Monarda fistu-
fosa. The introductory part consists of a historical review of the
various hypotheses concerning plant pigments, practically all of
which were based on little or no experimental evidence and equally
devoid of an exact chemical basis. The first half of the paper proper
is devoted to a chemical classification of all known plant pigments
of known structure by referring them to their underlying hydrocar-
bons, and the classification of the latter primarily according to their
degree of saturation. Some remarkable analogies have been re-
vealed and generalizations as to color and constitution are given.
The second half is devoted to a botanical classification of plant pig-
ments, which not only gives some idea of the scope of the work done,
but shows analogies that should be helpful in indicating the way for
the future investigator. Still more, long-known facts that had been
waiting for a rational interpretation are understood when observed
from the point of view of the quinhydrone hypothesis.

A Bottle for Keeping Sterilized Pharmaceutical Preparations.
By Henry Kraemer. This paper will appear in a later issue of the
JouRNAL.

The Approximate Measures of the U.S.P. By M. I. Wilbert.
The approximate equivalents for popular dose measures, directed in
the eighth decennial revision of the U.S.P., appear to be based on
the assumption that the metric system of weights and measures is
closely related to, or dependent on, the weights and measures now

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490 American Pharmaceutical Association. {4%

generally used in this country. The fallacy of this assumption and
the consequent inaccuracy of the equivalents, as given in the Phar-
macopceia, may be readily shown. A description was given of an
easily applied method for determining the exact capacity of spoons
of different sizes, makes and patterns, Attention was called to the
approximate measures directed by other national Pharmacopceias
and their relation to the actual capacity of spoons, and some rea-
sons why the equivalents adopted in other countries should be care-
fully considered in this connection.

Medicinal Plants of Texas. By E. G. Eberle, It was stated
that about fifty-one plants furnishing official drugs are found in
Texas.

An Experiment in Hydrastis Culture. By |, U. Lloyd. Read by
title. The experiments recorded show that Hydrastis Canadensis can
be raised very easily by transplanting the entire root. Since the
root bears prolific lines of reserve buds from end to end, any
of which will sprout the year the cutting is made, it was stated that
it is easy also to multiply the plants the season the cuttings are
made. The influence of dry weather and winter conditions will be
considered in another paper.

Fapanese Lac, an Exudation from Rhus Vernicifera. By A. B.
Stevens. One might cenclude from the title of this paper that it
would be of greater interest to the painter than to the chemist and
pharmacist, but there are reasons why it is of interest to the latter.
(1) Because it contains a non-volatile poison similar to if not identi-
cal with poison ivy. (2) It contains a gum said to be identical with
gum arabic. (3) It contains a soluble enzyme which acts as an oxi-
dizing agent. (4) The lac, when hardened by the action of the
enzyme, is the most indestructible of any known lac, resisting the
action of acid, alkalies and the ordinary solvents, as alcohol, ether,
etc. The latter fact makes it especially serviceable in the manufac-
ture of various utensils, such as developing trays, etc.

It was mentioned that it has been definitely proved that the toxic
principle of Rhus toxicodendron is non-volatile.

An Expeditious Method for the Determination of Arsenic Trioxide.
By Charles E. Caspari and Leo Suppan. The iodometric methods
at present in use for the determination of arsenic trioxide involve
a loss of time if the trioxide is dissolved at ordinary tempera-
tures in sodium bicarbonate or an error due to the action of

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American Pharmaceutical Association, 491

iodine on sodium carbonate which is formed from the bicarbonate if
solution is effected at higher temperatures.

The method described in this paper seeks to eliminate these diffi-
culties and enables the determination of arsenic trioxide to be car-
ried out in ten minutes with a maximum error of 0-2 per cent.

Owing to lack of time, a number of other papers were read by
title. These were as follows:

Outlines for the Sampling of Drugs and Medicines. By \Vyman
F. Kebler. The importance of procuring representative samples
for analytical work is sometimes overlooked ahd underestimated,
The observations embodied in this paper are gleaned from practice
and are presented with the view of bringing about some uniform
system of sampling, and if possible to save some of the younger
chemists many trying and at times embarrassing experiences.

The Organization and Working of the Drug Laboratory. By
L. F. Kebler. In pursuance of an Act of Congress of June 30,
1902, authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate the
adulteration of drugs in the United States, the Drug Laboratory was
established. The chief assumed active charge March 1, 1903, and
since that time three! assistant chemists and a stenographer have
been added to its working force. The work includes at present the
following lines of investigation:

Testing of Chemical Reagents chemicals purchased by the
Bureau of Chemistry are examined here to insure the acceptance of
reliable chemicals only, thus placing all competitors on an equal
footing, and also for the purpose of securing data from which stand-
ards of purity can be constructed.

Analysis of Plant Drugs.—This involves the study of analytical
methods and also of the influence of time on the properties of many
potent drugs.

Cod Liver Oil Investigations —An investigation of both American
and Norwegian cod liver oils is now being conducted, in collabora-
tion with the Division of Foods and the Bureau of Fisheries, to de-
termine their relative values, chemically and medicinally. Thus far,
the results indicate that the American oil is the equal of the Nor-
wegian.

Work on Proprietary Medicinal Agents—Much of this work is.

done at the request of the Post Office Department, to assist it in in-
vestigations of fraudulent products which are transmitted through
the mails.

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Compilation of Drug Laws.—All the laws of the different States
and Territories are now being collected which relate to the adultera-
tion of drugs and medicines.

The Drug Known as Pink Root. By W. W. Stockberger.
Historical outline of knowledge of pink-root (Spigelia marilandica).
Early confusion between this plant and Spigelia Anthelnia of West
Indies, which confusion extended to chemical and physiological
investigations. Later confusion between pink-root and Ruediia sp.
which still persists and has crept into some recent text-books.

General substitution practised. Phlox carolina erroneously re-
garded as a considerable adulterant of Spigelia due to confusion of
Ruellia with Phlox. Confusion extends to chemical work. “ Phloxol”

derived really from Ruelia. Differences, gross and microscopic,

between Ruellia and Spigelia and Phlox pointed out. Not surpris-
ing that Spigelia should have taken less important place in spieined
than formerly, since Ruellia is relatively inert.

Note on a Modification of Hehner's Test for Formaldehyde. By
A. B. Lyons. Hehner’s test is applicable only to milk or to a
mixture of the suspected solution with milk. The milk contains
proteids upon the presence of which the color reaction depends.

In the proposed modification of the test, beef peptone is sub-
stituted for the milk. It is essential that there be a correct propor-
tion of the sevefal reagents concerned in the test. In routine work,
use for the reagent a mixture of the official tincture of ferric chloride
in twenty or twenty-five volumes of strong sulphuric acid.

Place in a test-tube 2 c.c. of the solution to be tested (distillate
if necessary). Add 20 milligrammes of beef peptone; shake the
tube and add with a pipette 2 c.c. of the reagent, allowed to flow
down the side of the inclined tube and so form a distinct layer at
the bottom. Make a duplicate experiment, allowing one tube to
stand for development of color zone, mix the contents of the other
tube by shaking and observe change of color.

_ Limit of test, 1-4,000,000 formaldehyde.

Note on Some New Color Reactions and a New Reagent for
Sucrose, Lactose, etc. By A. B. Lyons. Sulphuric acid and
formaldehyde constitute a well-known reagent for morphine and its
derivative alkaloids. Conversely morphine and sulphuric acid may
be used for detecting formaldehyde. The test applied by the con-
tact method will show hardly less than 1-20,000 formaldehyde in

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aqueous solution. Addition to the reagent of a trace of ferric salt
(chloride or sulphate) greatly increases its sensitiveness, so that it
will give a color indication at dilution of 1-2,000,000. Other alde-
hyde bodies, however, react like formaldehyde.

In particular sucrose and lactose may be recognized, though not
satisfactorily discriminated, by this reagent. In case of sucrose
solutions 1-100—1I-1,000, the color is distinctive, the violet blue
obtained, as from formaldehyde, being surmounted by a yellow
border, the two colors contrasting finely.

Obviously morphine (codeine and heroine) may be identified by
using formaldehyde or sugar as a reagent, performing the tests
exactly as when looking for formaldehyde or sugar. The test for
formaldehyde is applicable only to distillates, and then is only of
negative value. It cannot be applied to milk (before or after
coagulation) ; neither can it be used to detect glucose in urine.

Method for the Analysis of Emulsions. By L. F. Kebler and
Geo. W. Hoover. An examination of the literature shows that
little has been done on the analysis of emulsions, and such results
as are recorded are restricted almost exclusively to the determina-
tion of the fatty portion. Medicinal agents other than oils may,
however, exert a beneficial effect and harmful agents may at times
be present, and these agents must be taken into consideration.
Further, the emulsifying agent may or may not serve the function
of a nutritive.

Fourteen emulsions of known composition and eleven proprie-
tary preparations were analyzed as completely as practicable, and
from the data thus obtained a scheme of analysis has been formu-
lated. The methods used are described, and the analytical data
thus obtained by these methods are given in tabular form.

Vegetable Lecithin. By C. G. Richardson.

Pharmacological Notes on Two American Plants. By A. C.
Crawford. Aqueous extract of Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
given by mouth increases salivary secretion and causes vomiting,
retching, paralysis and death. Post mortem shows hemorrhages
into intestinal walls or mere vascular congestion. Action suggests
in some respects pilocarpine group and the possibility of substitu-
tion medicinally, perhaps, after modification of principle of laurel
considered.

Fluid extract or aqueous extract of Mistletoe (Phoradendron

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flavescens) injected directly into vein of dog causes marked rise in
blood pressure with rapid heart beat and increased urinary action.
By mouth the action is uncertain.

A Contribution to the Chemtstry of Bocconia Cordata. By
J. O. Schlotterbeck and Walter H. Blome. Bocconia cordata, or
tree celandine, is a native of Japan, but has been success‘ully grown
in several countries. It was made the. subject of investigation by
Eijkman, Hopfgartner and Murrill and Schlotterbeck. The latter
found five alkaloids, protopine, B-homochelidonine, chelerythrine,
sanguinarine, and a fifth melting at 100°. In the present work
25 kilogrammes of drug were exhausted and only protopine and
B-homochelidonine separated, of which 87 and 85 grammes respec-
tively were obtained.

B-. (Beta) homochelidonine may be converted into the y- (gamma)
variety by melting and crystallizing from appropriate solvents.
Heated with hydrochloric acid in a sealed tube methyl chloride is
split off. The study of the water-soluble ainorphous basic residue
was not concluded.

It was found that when heated with alcoholic iodine under pres-
sure, B-homochelidonine splits off no hydrogen as is the case with
several related alkaloids.

Heated in chloroformic solution under pressure with PC],, a well-
crystallized, yellow basic substance is obtained. Chlorine determi-
nations demonstrated the product to be a hydrochlorate without
any substitution of chlorine in the molecule. A number of com-
bustions, though agreeing among themselves, failed to harmonize
with any formula that would answer for chlorine. It is quite possi-
ble that a base and an acid result from this reaction. Calcium
phosphate was found in abundance in the plant.

The Structure and Development of the Seed of Argemone
Mexicana. By J. O. Schlotterbeck and C. R. Eckler. This is a
microscopical study of the seed of the prickly poppy from the very
youngest stages of the ovule to the ripe seed.

Aloes and the U.S.P.. By M. I. Wilbert. On the necessity of
taking cognizance of the history of medicinal substances in formu-
lating an official description. The interesting history of aloes. Aloes
in the earlier editions of the Pharmacopeceia of the United States of
America. The introduction and use of true Socotrine aloes. ‘The
introduction of purified aloes. The use of purified aloes in official

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«American Pharmaceutical Association. 495

preparations. Some objections to the use of purified aloes. The
article on aloes in the eighth decennial revision of the U.S.P. An
enumeration of several of the more important or more evident
shortcomings. The necessity for an official description of the pow-
dered drug. The error of restricting the official aloes to varieties
containing isobarbaloin. The evident mistake of continuing the use

of purified aloes in the official preparations of that drug. <A sug-.

gestion for a more rational solution of the problems involved.
Analysts of the Mexican Plant Tecoma Mollis. By L, F. Kebler
and A, Seidell. The above plant is used in Mexico as a remedy,

and an examination was made to determine its proximate principles. -

This plant is also said to be indigenous to Columbia, Peru and Chili,
and to be known by the following synonyms: Zecoma sorbifolia, H. B.
K., Tecoma stans y velutina, DC, Stenolobium molle and Bignonia teco-
motdes, DC. A careful examination of the literature dealing with
medicinal plants failed to reveal any recorded investigation of this
plant under any one of the names enumerated.

For this analysis the leaves only were used. Complete analyses
by both the Dragendorff and Parsons methods were made. The re-
sults, which are given in full, show that Zzcoma mollis contains no
alkaloid or other well-characterized medicinally important plant
constituent. It contains, however, a bitter principle soluble in di-
lute alcohol, to which is probably due whatever medicinal proper-
ties the plant may possess.

The Desirability of Using Untform nd Distinct Abbreviations
Jor Periodicals, with a Suggested List. By L. F. Kebler. The de-
sirability of using concise, clear and definite references in literature
becomes apparent to any one who gives the subject only superficial
thought. Particularly is this true of the pharmaceutical profession
because of its cognate nature and the vast field covered. A few
samples of references, found in the last volume of the proceedings of
the Association, show how vague and useless some of them are.

Examples of a system to be followed in making abbreviations are
outlined. The abbreviations cover such periodicals as are commonly
met with in pharmaceutical work. |
' The report of the Committee on Chairman’s Address was pre-
sented by W. A. Puckner, and recommended the formation of a Stand-
ing Committee on Drug Market, to consist of a chairman, secretary
and three experts—a pharmacologist, a chemist and a microscopist

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496 American Pharmaceutical Association.

The recommendation made by President Beal in regard to the use
of preservatives, which had been referred to this Section, was taken
up and finally referred to a committee of five.

In the absence of Chairman A. B. Lyons, the report of the Com-
mittee on the U. S. Pharmacopceia was read in abstract by C. S. N.
Hallberg.

The lecture on “ Radium and Radio-Activity,” by Prof. Charles
Baskerville, on Friday evening, was one of the highly gratifying
features of the meeting.

The new officers elected by this Section are Charles E. Caspari, |

chairman ; Daniel Base, secretary.

SECTION ON COMMERCIAL INTERESTS.

’ Charles R. Sherman, Chairman. R. C. Reilly, Secretary.
Associates: Mathias Noll, F. C. Henry, O. W. Bethea

This Section met on Thursday afternoon, and held one session.
After Mr. Sherman had presented his address he read a list of
queries which the committee had suggested as of present interest to
pharmacists. The queries were as follows:

(1) “Is there a tendency toward fewer and larger drug stores, and, if so, is
this desirable ?”’

(2) “ Granting that it is necessary for the pharmacist to handle ready-made
medicines (patents), should he become the manufacturer of them himself and
make his store their or ‘farm out’ this business ?’”’

(3) ‘‘Can a dealer who ambitiously tries to become a merchant also hope to
be known as a professional man?”

(4) ‘* Viewed from its commercial bearing upon the drug business, is it de-
sirable for those now in the business or who may embark in it hereafter to have
prerequisite laws enacted in the various States?”’

(5) “Is it not the exceptional case when a drug store of any size can exist
on the business of physicians’ prescriptions and sick-room merchandise
alone?’’

(6) ‘Should the Commercial Section of the A. Ph. A. be abolished entirely
or receive more attention from members of the Association ?”’

(7) ‘“‘To what extent may the pharmacist extend his commercial activities ?’’

Papers bearing on these and allied topics were presented by the
following members: J. M. Alexander, Wm.C. Alpers, O. W. Bethea,
S. L. Caine, E. G. Eberle, A. Fly, F. H. Freerichs, A. M. Hance,
H. P. Hynson, H. B. Mason for B. E. Pritchard, Thos. D. Mckl-
henie, Oscar Oldberg, Chas. E. Rapelye, Geo. H. Shafer for B. E.
Pritchard, G. G. C. Simms.

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American Pharmaceutical Association, 497

The sixth query occasioned the most discussion, but there was a
strong majority in favor of continuing the Section.
The election of officers resulted as follows: Chairman, H. P. Hyn-

son; Secretary, H. D. Knisely; Associates, L. Wilcox, C. A. Ra- °

pelye, J. W. T, Knox.

SECTION ON PRACTICAL PHARMACY AND DISPENSING.

C. A. Rapelye, Chairman. W. C. Kirchgessner, Secretary.
Amanda W. Stahl, Associate.

Beginning Thursday evening this Section held two sessions, Dr,

Alpers occupied the chair, while Mr. Rapelye read his address, The

speaker expressed a doubt as to whether the present-day pharma-
cist can demand recognition as a professional man, and said, “ but
such a demand will be made in the near future, when higher educa-
tion has accomplished its task, and when the uneducated boy will
no longer have a place as an apprentice in a pharmacy.”

The following papers were presented :

“ A Revelation Prescription Case.” By Wm. F. Kaemmerer.

“Combination Percolator and Shaking Tube for the Assay of
Alkaloidal Drugs,” and «‘A Simple Arrangement for Percolation
with Hot Alcohol.” By H. M. Gordin (both papers published in
this JOURNAL, see page 463).

“ Elixir of Thyme with Bromides and Atropine.” By M. I. Wil-
bert. The following formula and directions were given for the
preparation of this elixir: .

won” Of each enough to make 1,000 ¢.c.

The mixed drugs, in moderately fine powder, are moistened with
150 c.c. of the menstruum and allowed to stand in a closely-covered
dish for twenty-four hours, The moist powder, after being thor-
oughly well stirred and mixed, is then packed moderately tight ia
a glass percalator, and Sufficient of the menstruum is then allowed

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498 American Pharmaceutical Association,
to percolate through it to measure about 750 c.c. In this percolate
the atropine sulphate and the bromides of potassium, sodium and
ammonium are dissolved. The resulting solution is then allowed
to percolate through the sugar, previously placed in a glass perco-
lator, and sufficient additional percolate from the thyme mixture is
subsequently added to make the total quantity of the resulting
preparation 1,000 c.c.

“ Practical Suggestions Based upon Long Experience.” By G.G.
C. Simms. The author called attention to a number of details and
general principles in the practice of pharmacy which are frequently
not properly observed.

“Echoes from the Compounding Laboratory, or Side-lights on
Some Galenicals.” By Frank E. Fisk. Quick methods were given
for the preparation of tinctura opii camphorata, spiritus ammonize
aromaticus, liquor ammonii acetatis, syrupus tolutanus.

«Solution of Peptonate of Iron and Manganese.” By H. A. B.
Dunning.

«“ Pharmacy of To-day.” By E. G. Eberle.

“ A Few Defects of Our Haw en By A. A. Klein-
schmidt.

«“ Medicated Wines of the U. S. P.,” by M. I. ‘Wilbert, in which
the retention of wines of potent drugs in the Pharmacopceia and the
directions for making the majority of medicinal wines by dilution of
fluid extracts are criticised.

A paper suggesting a method of calling the attention of physi-
cians to the important changes of the U.S.P., eighth decennial re-
vision, by George M. Beringer. _

« Soap Solutions of Cresol,” By C.S. N. Hallberg.

“ Twenty Prescriptions.” By Wm. F. Kaemmerer.

“My Vade Mecum.” By T. D. McElhenie. After describing a
closet for the storing of small articles, the author suggested the
burning of waste paper, excelsior, hay, etc., by means of an old-
fashioned confectioner’s stove, instead of gas, as more economical.

«“ How to Keep Flaxseed Free trom Bugs.” By Wm. Mittelbach.
The method proposed consists in placing a loosely-corked vial of
chloroform in the bottom of the container.

“ How to Keep Packages from being Oil-stained and Soiled.” By
the same author. An inside thin waxed wrapping paper was the
remedy suggested.

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“ Women in Practical Pharmacy.” By Amanda W. Stahl and
Clara M. Malarkey.

“ Benzine, Naphtha and Gasoline,” and “ Permanent Ointment of
Red Mercuric Oxide.” By Otto Raubenheimer.

The officers elected by this Section for the coming year were
Wm. C. Alpers, chairman; H. A. B. Dunning, secretary; W. C.
Gross, associate.

FINAL GENERAL SESSIONS.

The newly elected officers were installed at a special session on
Friday afternoon, it having been the custom heretofore to reserve
this ceremony for the final session on Saturday.

Of the various matters acted upon by Council and approved by
the Association, the following may be noted: The appointment of
a Committe on Publicity, consisting of Lewis C. Hopp and E. H.
Gane; an honorarium to C. Lewis Diehl, as part compensation for
his work on the National Formulary ; authorization of the Treasurer
to pay to the four drug journals—American Druggist, Bulletin of
Pharmacy, Druggists Circular and Merck's Report—the $325 ad-
vanced by each of them for the publication of the semi-centennial
index; the selection of C.S. N. Hallberg as editor of the
A. Pu. A. BuLietin, Francis B. Hays as Reporter to Public Press,
and of Frank H. Carter, of Indianapolis, as Local Secretary. The
request from the Scientific Section that Council arrange so as to hold
simultaneous sessions, and provide for three sessions of the Scientific
Section, was referred to a committee consisting of Charles Caspari;
Jr., F. H. Carter and J. L. Lemberger. The Commercial Section
also made a request for another session.

A resolution offered by S. A. D. Sheppard, expressing apprecia-
tion of the presence of representatives of the Government at the
- meeting, and instructing the Secretary to express to the Secretary

of Agriculture, the Surgeon-General of the Public Health and
Marine Hospital Service, appreciation of the work done at Wash-
ington, of the papers presented to the Scientific Section and of the
exhibits made in connection therewith, was adopted.

The report of the committee appointed to consider the report of
the delegates to the Section on Pharmacology of the American
“Medical Association recommended that the A, Ph. A. commend all
efforts to differentiate between the various so-called proprietary
remedies with a view of correcting the abuses at present existing in

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500 American Pharmaceutical Association,

connection with the advertising pages of medical journals, which
recommendation was adopted.

The Committee on the Wm. Procter, Jr., Monument reported that
satisfactory progress had been made, and stated that it should be
understood that work of such proportions could not be best accom-
plished with haste ; but that the committee recognized the import-
ance of constant effort in carrying on the work, which, so far, has
been mostly in the direction of organization. The idea has been to
create a sentiment in favor of the monument before making a con-
certed effort to collect funds for the purpose in mind. A number
of the State pharmaceutical associations have already begun to
cooperate in the work, and it is’ hoped that by another year all of
the State associations, as also other similar organizations, will be
enlisted in the movement. John F. Hancock, chairman of the com-
mittee, said, in addition, that an effort was being made to acquaint
the younger pharmacists with the work of Procter, and that the
results were encouraging. He said that it would be a grand thing
when the archives of the Association are treasured in the Smith-
‘sonian Institution, and when a monument to the Father of Ameri-
can Pharmacy is erected on the grounds of the Institution.

A resolution having for its object improvement in the customs
inspection of drugs brought into this country was referred to both
the Committee on Publicity and the Committee on Legislation.

A recommendation to the effect that the colleges of pharmacy
belonging to the Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties be author-

. ized to organize as local branches of the Association, and that they

report on the status of pharmacy in their respective localities, was
adopted.

The Committee on Weights and Measures presented a report in
which attention was directed to the difficulty arising from the fact
that there are no other divisions of the liter than the milliliter. A
recommendation was made to adopt subdivisions of the liter. The
report and recommendation were referred to the Scientific Section.

A report on the status of pharmacists in the Government employ
was read by Geo. F. Payne, which was to the effect that the army
had been slow to recognize the necessity of employing pharmacists
in this department.

' The place selected for holding the next meeting is Indianapolis,

and the time fixed upon is the first Monday in September, 1906.
F. Y.

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1831-1905.

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